Mounded Tomb Cultures of Three Kingdoms Period Korea and Yamato Japan: A Study of Golden Regalia and Cultural Interactions THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Angela Jean Haugen Graduate Program in East Asian Studies The Ohio State University 2010 Master's Examination Committee: John Huntington, Advisor Susan Huntington Thomas Kasulis Copyright by Angela Jean Haugen 2010 Abstract This paper examines the relationships between the Three Kingdoms period Korea (57 B.C.E. to 668 C.E.) and the Kofun period (250-538 C.E.) in Japan. The methodology of this study includes examination of the mounded tombs and grave goods through photographs and English translations of historical texts and various secondary sources. We know that there was contact between the peoples on the Korean peninsula and the Japanese archipelago at this time. This contact consisted of trade, war, and migration of the elite families who wore gold jewelry of the type found in the tombs as well as the importation of skilled laborers. Due to the similarities in tomb construction, visual vocabulary, and identical shamanistic iconography, it is the conclusion of this paper that the people who wore this jewelry were a unified culture of political and spiritual leaders. The elite families from Baekje and Yamato Wa in particular participated in a shared culture, which was shamanistically ruled, with no apparent cultural boundaries between the areas due to intermarriage between Baekje and Yamato Wa families. Establishment of this shared culture offers a new perspective on what have been contentious issues among Korean and Japanese scholars. ii Dedication This document is dedicated to my family. iii Acknowledgments Many sincere thanks to John Huntington, Susan Huntington, and Tom Kasulis, for helping me develop, edit, organize, and finish this project. iv Vita June 2001 .......................................................Orono High School, Orono, MN 2005................................................................B.A. Asian Studies, Studio Art, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN 2007 to present ...............................................East Asian Studies Program, The Ohio State University 2009-2010 ......................................................FLAS Fellowship Recipient, The Ohio State University Fields of Study Major Field: East Asian Studies v Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. iv Vita ...................................................................................................................................... v List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................ 3 Scholarship on Ancient Korean-Japanese Relationships ................................................ 6 Chapter 2: Mounded Tomb Culture from Central Asia as a Source for Korea and Japan 12 Korean and Japanese material culture as a reflection of the religion of the Fifth and Sixth centuries ............................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 3: Three Kingdoms Korea Overview .................................................................. 28 Goguryeo ....................................................................................................................... 29 Baekje ............................................................................................................................ 36 vi Role of Baekje Be .......................................................................................................... 51 Gaya .............................................................................................................................. 52 Silla................................................................................................................................ 59 Chapter 4: Japan: Kofun Period Brief Overview .............................................................. 67 Relations between Baekje and Japanese Yamato Wa ................................................... 74 Chapter 5: Objects as Proof of Royal Heritage in Japanese Culture ................................ 81 Chapter 6: Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 85 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 89 vii List of Figures Figure 1. Pendant. Fillippovka, Kurgan 17, Grave 1, Russia. Ca. 400 BCE. Gold, enamel, amber. Diameter: 4.1 cm. Archeological Museum, Ufa. Joan Aruz. The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Scythian and Sarmatian treasures from the Russian steppes: The State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg and the Archeological Museum, Ufa. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000, p. 17, fig. 127 .......................................................... 13 Figure 2. Earrings. Kofun Era, Japan. 6th Century. Gold. Tokyo National Museum. Tadashi Saito, Itsuji Yoshikawa. Genshoku Nihon no Bijutsu 01: Genshi Bijutsu. Tokyo: Shogakukan Publishing Company, 1970, p. 139, fig. 132 ................................................ 14 Figure 3. Painting of a tapestry. Pazyryk Barrow, No. 5. Altai Region, Pazryk Boundary, the Valley of the River Bolshoy, Ulagan. 4th-5th Century BCE. Felt, appliqué. Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. Sergeĭ Ivanovich Rudenko. Frozen Tombs of Siberia: the Pazyryk Burials of Iron Age Horsemen. Translated by J. M. Dent and Sons, Ltd. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1970, cover illustration 16 Figure 4. Wall Painting. Tomb of Dancers, Goguryeo. 4th Century. Ji’an, Jilin Province, China. National Museum of Korea, Catalogue, p. 68 ....................................................... 17 Figure 5. Maps of the Political Territories of Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla, and Gaya. By John Huntington ........................................................................................................................ 29 viii Figure 6. Earring. Myeongok-ri in Jeokam-myeon, Pyeongsan-gun, Hwanghae-do Province, Goguryeo. Gilt Bronze. Length 4.3: cm, Diameter of thin ring: 2 cm. National Museum of Korea, Seoul. www.museum.go.kr ................................................................ 33 Figure 7. Ornament. Goguryeo. Gilt bronze. Height: 10.4 cm, Length: 17 cm. National Museum of Korea, Seoul. www.museum.go.kr ................................................................ 34 Figure 8. Diadem Ornament. Goguryeo. Gilt bronze. Height: 36 cm. National Museum of Korea, Seoul. www.museum.go.kr ............................................................................... 35 Figure 9. General’s Tomb. Goguryeo. 5th Century, Ji’an City, Jilin Province China. Northeast Asian History Foundation, Koguryo: A Glorious Ancient Kingdom in Northeast Asia, p. 35 ......................................................................................................................... 38 Figure 10. Map of the Modern Provinces of North and South Korea. By John Huntington ........................................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 11. Earrings. Tomb of King Muryeong, Songsan-ri, Geumseong-dong, Gongju, th th Chungcheongnam-do Province, Baekje. Late 5 to early 6 Century. Gold and glass. Length: 6.6 cm. National Museum of Korea, Seoul. www.museum.go.kr ....................... 43 Figure 12. King’s Crown Ornament. King Muryeong’s Tomb, Chungcheongnam-do Province, Baekje. 6th Century. Gold. Length: 30.7 cm. Gonju National Museum, Gonju. Won-Yang Kim, Byong-sam Han, and Hong Sup Chin. The Arts of Korea Vol.1, Ancient Art. Seoul: Dong Hwa Publishing, 1979, p. 85, fig. 74 ....................................... 45 Figure 13. Queen’s Gold Ornament. King Muryeong’s Tomb, Chungcheongnam-do Province, Baekje. 6th Century. Gold. Gonju National Museum. Kim, Han, Chin, p. 85, fig. 74 ................................................................................................................................ 46 ix Figure 14. Crown. Tillya-Tepe. 1st Century BCE to 1st Century CE. Gold. Length: 45 cm, Height: 14.0 cm. Current Location Unknown. Victor Sarianidi, Bactrian Gold from the Excavations of the Tillya-Tepe in Northern Afghanistan. Leningrade: Aurora Art Publishers, 1985, p. 75 ...................................................................................................... 47 Figure 15. Detail of Figure. 14. Sarianidi, p. 70 .............................................................. 48 Figure 16. Crown. Fujinoki Tomb. Kofun era Japan. 6th Century. Gilt Bronze. The Archeological Institute of Kashihara Museum, Nara Prefecture. Mitsunori Aoyagi. Nihon Bijutsukan Tokyo: Shogakukan Publishing, 1997, p. 83 .................................................