What is the color of the invisible? The human rights situation of Afro-LGBTI population in Brazil with support from: Instituto Internacional sobre Raça, Igualdade e DireitosThe International Humanos. Institute on Race, Equality and TeHumanl. (+1)202-770-9946 Rights 1625Tel. (+1)202-770-9946Massachusetts Ave., NW Suite1625 450 Massachusetts Ave., NW WSuiteashington, 450 DC 20036 wwwWashington,.raceandequalit DC 20036y.org [email protected] [email protected] Instituto sobre Raça, Igualdade e Direitos Projeto Gráfico e Diagramação HumanosThe International Institute on Race, Equality and Kellem Monteiro Human Rights Pablo Malafaia Colagens e Capa Diretor-Executivo Carlos Quesada PabloKellem Malafaia Monteiro Carlos Quesada Executive Director Layout Revisão ortográfica Coordenadora do programa LGBTI Camila Marins Zuleika Rivera Kellem Monteiro Zuleika Rivera LGBTI Program Officer DesignFotografia na capa Andressa Guerra ConsultorIsaac Porto LGBTI para o Brasil, encarregado da Andressa Guerra, Fernanda Martins elaboraçãoLGBTI Program do presente Officer inform fore Brazil, responsible for the andDireção DUNA criativa DUNA Isaacproduction Porto of this dossier. Photography,Fernanda Martins styling and creative direction of the cover September 2020 Publishing data The International Institute on Race, Equality and Human Rights. Porto, Isaac. What is the color of the invisible? The human rights situation of Afro-LGBTI population in Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: The International Institute on Race, Equality and Human Rights, 2020. ISBN: 978-65-00-14040-8 1. Intersectionality. 2. LGBTI. 3. Racism. 4. LGBTIphobia. The reproduction of any text in this publication is authorized for educational and non-com- mercial use, under the condition that The International Institute on Race, Equality and Hu- man Rights (Race and Equality) and Isaac Porto are cited as the authors. The production of this report was possible thanks to the Global Equality Fund, a public-private partnership administered by the U.S. Department of StateA reprodução with funding d o texto from desta several edição countries é autorizada and variouspara fins private-sector educacionais eand não comerciais, com a NGOcondição partners de que that o Instituto support Internacional innovative sobre society Raça, programs Igualdade that e Direitos promote Humanos and (Raça e Igualdade) protectseja reconhecido the human como rights seu ofautor LGBTI. persons around the world. Acknowledgements The International Institute on Race, Equality and Human Rights (Race and Equality) carried out this study in response to the countless human rights violations suffered by the Afro-descendant LGBTI population in Brazil, especially Afro-descendant trans people. These incidents are motivated by hatred for those with sexual orientations, gender identities, and/or gender expressions that break with cis-heteronormativity. Far too often, they involve the violent death of LGBTI people. Race and Equality thanks our partner organizations in Brazil, especially the Associação Nacional de Travestis e Transexuais (ANTRA), Grupo Conexão G, Instituto Transformar Shelida Ayana and the Rede Nacional de Negras e Negros LGBT(Rede Afro-LGBT). We also thank the Afro-LGBTI activists who were interviewed during the research process and all Brazilians who continue to denounce human rights violations in a political context that opposes the defense and promotion of LGBTI rights. I also thank the staff of Race and Equality’s LGBTI Program, including our Program Coordinator Zuleika Rivera and particularly our LGBTI Program Officer in Brazil Isaac Porto, for their efforts to ensure that this report contributes to the study of advances and setbacks in the rights of LGBTI Brazilians. Finally, I thank all the readers of this report. I hope that it aids activists across Brazil to contribute to a national discussion on homophobia and racism, including homophobia within Brazil’s Afro- descendent movement and racism within the LGBTI movement. Carlos Quesada, Executive Director Summary Victor Madrigal Borloz ....................................................................................................7 Terminology used in this study ......................................................................................9 Executive Summary ..................................................................................................... 11 Introduction .....................................................................................................................13 Chapter 1 Racism and LGBTIphobia in Brazil .................................................... 24 1.1 Racism in Brazil: the myth of racial democracy ............................................................ 26 1.1.1 Racial identity in Brazil .............................................................................................. 31 1.2 Structural racism and LGBTIphobia in Brazil................................................................ 33 1.3 Some important advances in rights for the LGBTI population ...................................... 46 1.4 The conservative wave in Brazil and the agenda of retrogression .............................. 52 Chapter 2 Murders of LGBTI people ........................................................................ 63 2.1 Information contained in the 2019 Atlas of Violence ................................................... 64 2.1.1 The data on LGBTI people in the Atlas of Violence .................................................. 66 2.2 Data produced by civil society ...................................................................................... 68 2.3 Protective legislation .................................................................................................... 76 2.3.1 Law 11.340/2006 - Maria da Penha Law ................................................................... 76 2.3.2 Femicide Law ............................................................................................................ 79 2.4 Transfemicide and the cruelty involved in the murder of transsexual women and travestis ...80 Chapter 3 Access to justice, racism and LGBTIphobia ....................................... 86 3.1 Criminalization of racism .............................................................................................. 89 3.2 Criminalization of homotransphobia ............................................................................. 94 3.3 Profile of the victims of LGBTIphobic violence in Rio de Janeiro and obstacles to reporting crimes in police stations ...................................................................................................... 99 3.4 Lack of commitment to the resolution of murder cases against transsexual women and travestis .............................................................................................................................103 Chapter 4 Police violence against Afro-LGBTI people .....................................113 4.1 The Military Police: a legacy of the military dictatorship in Brazil? .............................114 4.2 The case of the State of Rio de Janeiro .....................................................................119 4.3 Specific violence against Afro-LGBTI people .............................................................122 Chapter 5 The right to health for the Afro-LGBTI population ....................... 132 5.1 Access of trans men and transmasculine people to health ....................................... 140 5.2 The worrying advance of HIV/AIDS ........................................................................... 143 5.3 AIDS and structural racism ........................................................................................ 148 5.4 AIDS and structural LGBTIphobia ............................................................................ 152 5.5 Advance of HIV/AIDS and religious conservatism..................................................... 155 5.6 Gender/sex reassignment and risks with the use of industrial silicon ....................... 157 5.7 Medical violence against intersex people .................................................................. 160 Chapter 6 LGBTIphobia in the educational system ...........................................166 6.1 Escola Sem Partido ...................................................................................................172 6.2 Militarization of schools .............................................................................................178 Chapter 7 Right to work for the LGBTI population ............................................ 183 7.1 Data on work and the Black population ..................................................................... 188 7.2 Lack of data on the LGBTI population and the labor market ........................................192 7.3 The centrality of LGBTIphobia and racism and experienced firsthand ..................... 196 Conclusion and Recommendations ........................................................................201 8.1 Recommendations to the State ................................................................................ 205 8.1.1 Recommendations to the Executive Branch.......................................................... 205 8.1.1.1 Recommendations to the President of the Republic and to State and Municipal Governors ........................................................................................................................ 205 8.1.1.2