○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ = !"#$ NVQRJNVUO !"#$ NVMNJNVQR !"#$=NVUOJOMMN !"#$ RV === !"#$ NVT !"#$NVMNJNVNT NN ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ !"#$ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ == === !"#$ OMV TR UN !"#$ ONN !"#$NVNUJNVPM OT VP !"#$ ONR VV === NMT !"#$ OOR !"#$NVPNJNVQN PT == !"#$ OPP === NNP === NON = !"#$NVQNJNVQR QT === NPN === NQN = === NRP ! === NSN === NST === NTT === NUP ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Contents Foreword Preface Introduction Section 1 Section 2 Rise of Electricity and the Mutual Development Community 1901-1945 of Energy and City 1945-1982 Section 3 Chapter 1 All Systems Go 1982-2001 Chapter 1 The Beginning Switching on the Electricity 60 (1901-1917) 12 Chapter 1 Power Givers, People Carers 198 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Modernizing Electricity and Growing Up in Kowloon Chapter 2 Community (1918-1930) 28 Improving the Quality of Life 210 Kowloon A brighter life for customers 212 Chapter 3 Yau Tsim Mong 76 Lighting Up the New Territories Sham Shui Po 82 Caring for the community 216 (1931-1941) 38 Kowloon City 94 Protecting the natural environment 226 Wong Tai Sin 100 Kwun Tong 108 Chapter 4 Celebrating the Centenary with the War Spills Over the Border Community 234 (1941-1945) 48 The New Territories Tsuen Wan 114 Kwai Tsing 122 Acknowledgements Tuen Mun 132 Index Yuen Long 142 North District 154 Reference Tai Po 162 Copyright Sha Tin 168 Sai Kung 178 Islands 184 !"#$%&'()*(+,-./",0123456789:3012;<=8>?@ABCDEFG0HIJKLM !"#$%&'( )*+, !"#$%&'()*+,-./012345%6789:$;<=>?@ABCD== !"#$%&'()* !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123.45678 !"#$%& '()*+,-./012345678 !9,5:3;'<=>?@ABCDEF G !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456 !"#$%&'()*+,-%./012+3456789:-%;<=+3>?@AB,.<CD!EFGHIJK !"#$%&'()*+,-#./012,,*-34 56789:;<=>?#<@ ABCD6 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0#123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFG;HIJ$KLMNC)OP !"#$%&'()*+,-./ 0123#456789:;<=>?@A#BCDEFGHIJKGLMNO !"#$% I Foreword !"#$%&'()*+%,-./012(345678%9:;<=>[email protected]!LMNOP !"#$%&'()*+,-.'/01234*567839:-6;#$*<=>?@ABCDE !"#$%&'(#$)*&+,-./'0123./456)*.789:;<='>?@A7;BC'0 !"#E !"#$%&F !"#$% !"#$%&'()*+,-'./01234567089:);50<=>?@A4BCD*+EFGHI'J?K !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:7;<=>?@A/B1CDEFGHIJK/L!MNO !"#$ !"#$%&' !"# ff FOREWORD In 1981, my father, the late Lord Kadoorie, was quoted as saying that “Logically, Hong Kong should not exist”. He added, however, “Illogically, the international need for the services it renders is essential to the future relationship between East and West”. In this book Professor Kwok Siu-tong explains how Hong Kong’s people defied both logic and the turbulence of history to create a world city – initially on China’s doorstep and today as part of the People’s Republic with its own unique status as a Special Administrative Region (S.A.R.). Hong Kong’s success is a tribute to the energy, innovation and dynamism of its people. Professor Kwok reflects on these achievements and the role which CLP has played in powering Hong Kong’s social and economic development. Both our community and CLP may justly take pride in the events chronicled in the following pages. My own family has been privileged to have been closely associated with CLP for much of the past one hundred years. In 1930, my father joined my grandfather as a Director of the Company, and held the office of Chairman for a total of 39 years until his death in 1993. I am honoured to follow in his steps. From the age of seven I accompanied him on his frequent walks through the Hok Un Power Station and in later years was to fully understand the value of this lesson, in grasping detail and relating to people. The legendary foresight of previous generations, allied with continuity and intimate knowledge of the company has fostered traditional values, which are easy to embrace, namely the importance of a long-term view in a long-term industry, coupled with financial prudence, integrity in business dealings, and a sense of obligation to the society in which we live. III Foreword CLP’s link with our community is perhaps the strongest single theme of Professor Kwok’s work. In the last sixty years, following the spectacular post war development of Kowloon and the New Territories and with 80% of the S.A.R.’s population of 6.8 million living within our area of supply, I believe that it can justifiably be said that CLP’s history is now inextricably linked with that of Hong Kong. We have always been guided by confidence in our home; something which has never been misplaced. This faith, coupled with a vision of the future, was the foundation for our company philosophy from 1901, its resurrection in 1945, literally from the ruins of the Japanese occupation, through to the present day. This book highlights CLP’s place in Hong Kong’s history and into the future. The S.A.R. will remain our home and the heart of our business, but the future will see the Company’s broader participation within the Pearl River Delta, mainland China and the Asia Pacific region. As throughout the past century, the services Hong Kong renders continue to be essential to the relationship between East and West. The Hon. Michael D. Kadoorie Chairman, CLP Holdings Limited fs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reface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sf PREFACE As a Director of CLP since 1967 and with a lifetime’s involvement in Hong Kong’s business and political life, I am delighted to provide a foreword to the excellent book written by Professor Kwok Siu-tong and his team. I am particularly impressed by the way in which they have linked CLP’s history with that of Hong Kong – throwing new and interesting light on the achievements of both the company and community over the past 100 years. I believe that, during my lifetime, the greatest contribution of CLP to the development of Hong Kong was its adequate and reliable supply of electric power to the fast-growing manufacturing industries, particularly during the post-war years. I would like to offer some thoughts on how this came about and on the new changes and challenges of recent years as they affect CLP and the broader community. For a century since the British took Hong Kong in 1841 the territory had survived as an entrepot, a role rendered obsolete when the Japanese invaded and occupied Hong Kong during 1941-45. After the re-occupation, Hong Kong stirred back to life and prospered again on entrepot trade which expanded 40 percent every year from 1946 to 1951. Manufacturing in Hong Kong up to this point was insignificant. The events that unfolded in China and Korea during this period completely changed the economic structure of Hong Kong in the following 40 years. First, there was the civil war in China leading to the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in October 1949. This was shortly followed by the Korean civil war and the Sino-American military conflict, which ultimately led to the United Nations’ embargo on trade with China in 1951. At this time Hong Kong found itself almost completely cut off from its traditional means of livelihood. Booming foreign trade collapsed, losing one-third of the market within three years. As if the sudden economic depression were not enough, Hong Kong had to absorb the exodus from the Mainland and in three years the local population rose from 2 to 2.6 million. As Hong Kong had lost its traditional livelihood, it turned to manufacturing, starting with textiles and clothing, to which Shanghainese refugees brought money, experience and business acumen. This was the beginning of Hong Kong’s manufacturing. With plenty of labour available, more people invested in manufacturing and the territory began to prosper. VII Preface I remember at that time there was a lack of engineers and technicians. The Government established the Hong Kong Polytechnic and then the City Polytechnic to “mass produce” technicians. CLP was at the same time fast expanding by installing larger and larger generating capacity, so as to supply the reliable and reasonably priced electricity demanded by new and fast expanding industries. During the 30 years from 1951 the generating capacity of CLP and its associates increased more than fifty-fold, from 50 MW to 2,656 MW, a spectacular growth indeed. In addition, CLP contributed greatly