%Pwt NW.1U43-AP Pacific Islands TransportSector Study Public Disclosure Authorized (in SevenVolumes) VolumeIV: WesternSamoa -Transport SectorSurvey March1993 Infrastructureoperations Division CountryDepartment III EastAsia and Pacific Region FOROFFICIAL USE ONLY wj~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Thisdocufmet has a restricteddistribution and may be usedby recipients @t41inthe *eefornanceof their official duties. It contentsmay not otherivse be disckosedwithout %brld Bank authorization. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AIDAB - Australian InternationalDevelopment Assistance Bureau ICAO - InternationalCivil AviationOrganization IDA - InternationalDevelopment Association IMO - InternationalMaritime Organization JICA - Japanese InternationalCooperation Agency OECD - Organizationfor Economic Cooperationand Doveopment PMCs - Pacific Island Member Countries PITSS - Pacific Islands Transport Sector Study PWD - Public Works Department SPDC - Special Projects DevelopmentCorporation TCSP - Tourism Council of the South Pacific UNDP - United Nations DevelopmentProgramme VFR - visiting friends and relatives WSAA - Western Samoa Airport Authority WSSC - Western Samoa Shipping Corporation VO oLnma uI ONLY PREFACE The PacificIslands Transport Sector Study(PITSS) reviews the status of the transport sectorsin the siXPacific Island member countries (PMCs) of the WorldBank. The PlTSSis reportedin twovolumes: Volume One -A RegionalPerspective on Transport Issues - presents an analysis of transport issues across the region. Volume Two - Country Surveys - providesa detailedexamination of the transportsector in each PMC. This survey of the transportsector in WesternSamoa, is one in the seriesfor the PMCs which, as a whole, representVolume Two. Each sector surveypresents an overviewof transport, identifiesareas of concemand sugests prioritiesfor considerationby Government. Maintenanceof transportinfrastructure is identifiedas a commonmajor problemarea. Therefore,for thisparticular area, a separateMaintenance Annex is attachedto the countrysector survey. The PMCs share severalareas of commonconcern with their transportsectors, including strategic planning, project evaluation,regulation, modal coordination,pricing and cost-recovery, commercialization,private sector participation,as well as the managementof infrastructureand its maintenance.These areas are reviewedbriefly in this surveyand, on the basis of the surveysfor all PMCs, subjectedto comparativeanalysis in VolumeOne of this study. PITSSwas undertakenby the WorldBank with financial support for consultantsfrom the AustralianInternational Development Assistance Bureau (AIDAB) South Pacific Facility. The studywas structuredand managedby ColinGannon (Senior Economist). Major contributions to the sectorsurveys weremade by DavidBray and Ian Gordon(consultants). The kind cooperationof the many governmentofficials and industryrepresentatives who assistedthe missionis gratefullyacknowledged. Thisdocument has a restricteddistribution and may be usedby recipientsonly in the performance of their officialduties. Its contentsmay not otherwisebe disclosedwithout World Bankauthorization CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTRON..................................... 1 A. Review Context .................................... 1 B. Geogrorhy .......................................1 C. Demographyand Socal Structure ......................... 1 D. Economy ........................................ 2 2. INSTTUTIONAL STRUCTURE ........................... 3 A. Govenment Structure ....... ............ 3 B. Agency Responsibilities ....... ............ 3 C. PrivateSector ......... , D. PublicFinance .................... S E. Aid Environment .......................... 5 F. Human Resources ........ ............ 6 3. ECONOMICCONTEXT .......................... 7 A. DemandiforTransport Services ..................... 7 B. Country DevelopmentStrategy .. 8 4. TRANSPORTSUBSECTORS . .11 A. Land Transport .. 11 B. Maritime Transport .. 16 C. Aviation .. 22 5. TRANSPORTSECTOR DEVELOPMENT NEEDS ... 26 A. Introduction .. 26 B. Institutional .. 26 C. General Transport Sector Issues .. 27 D. Land Transport Subsector .. 28 E. Maritime Subsetor .. 29 F. Aviation Subsector .. 29 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................ 31 CHART: InternationalAir Services MAP IBRD No. 24573 LisT OF TUnLES TABLE 2.1 Agency Responsibilities .............................. 4 TABLE 2.2 External Grants, 1985-1989(US$'000) ..................... 6 TABLE 3.1 Exports by Major Commodity 1984-1989 ................... 8 TABLE 3.2 Import/ExportVolumes (tonnes) ......................... 9 TABLE 3.3 Inward and Outward Cargo (freight tonnes) by Country of LoadinugDischarge1989 ............................ 9 TABLE 3.4 Visitor Arrivals - Western Samoa ........................ 10 TABLE 3.5 Projections of GDP Growth 1990-1999(%) .................. 10 TABLE 4.1 National Roads Network Oengthsin kilometers) ............... 11 TABLE 4.2 Road ReconstructionProjects ........................... 12 TABLE 4.3 Registered Vehicles ................................. 15 TABLE 4.4 InternationalCargo and ShippingTraffic Apia ................ 16 TABLE 4.5 Current and CommittedMajor Maritime Projects Western Samoa ......... .......................... 18 TABLE 4.6 Port Dues and Charges (WS$) Western Samoa Sea Going Vessels Entering Port ......................... 20 TABLE 4.7 Projected Income & ExpenditureAccount 1989 ................ 21 TABLE 4.8 Ships Registeredin Western Samoa ....................... 21 TABLE 4.9 InternationalAir Traffic - Faleolo ........................ 23 TABLF.4.10 GovernmentExpenditure in Aviation ($) .25 TABLE 4.11 Preliminary Estimates Developmentof Faleolo Airport ........... 25 Wf=EBRNSAMOA Land Area 2,934 sq km Sea Area 73,000 sq km hlation Population(1987)1(1991) est. 162,000/160,000 PopulationGrowth (1980-87) 0.6% per annum PopulationDensity (1987) 55 persons per sq kn Economic GNP/Capita (1988)1(1991)est. US$580/US$930 Exchange Rates: 1980 Tala 0.92 = US$1.00 1985 Tala 2.24 = US$1.00 1989 (September) Tala 2.30 = US$1.00 1991 (March) Tala 2.30 = US$1.00 Ian5pQL RegisteredVehicles (1991) 6,312 Vehicles/'000 Population(1991) 26 Length of Road (1991) 2,072 km Percent of Road Sealed (1991) 15% CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A. Rzvmw CoNTrr whichare only 21 km apart. AmericanSamoa b the nearest nighbor, about 100 Iamaway. 1.1 Tha countrysurvey presents an overview The total land ar is geerlly reported as 2 2 of the transport sector in Western Samoa, 2,934 km, Upolubeing about 1,100km and identifiesareas of currentand emerging concern, Savai'i 1,820kmn 2. Both islandsare about 72 indicatespriorities and suggestsfuture strategies km fromeast to west,with Upolu being only 24 for the sector.1 km from north to south and Savai'i being 35 km. The islandshave centralvolcanic peaks 1.2 To facilitatethe present study, a desk (thehighest being Mt. Mata'agaon Savai'i)and review2 of the transportsector was previously fertilenarrow coastal plains. Upoluhas a chain undertakenfor each of the Pacific Member of mountainsrunning the lengthof the country. Countries(PMCs) of the Bank.3 The review The countryhas an amplenatural resource base. provided preliminary information on each 'ihe countryhas a sea area of about73,000 km 2. country,including Western Samoa, and working hypotheses on development needs in the transportsector. The presentsurvey builds on C. DEMOGRAPHYAND this work to developa current sectoroverview SOCIALSTRUCIURE so as to establish first, directions for the formulationof strategiesand prioritiesfor each 1.5 The populationof Western Samoa is country,and second,the basis for selectionof Polynesian.In 1781a little over 70 percentof the specificissues addressed in VolumeOne of the populationof 156,349lived on the islandof this Report. Upolu and the remainderon Savai'i. In 1988 the totalpopulation was 162,000people, about 1.3 Thepreseilt survey is complementedwith 35,000 (or 22 percent) of whom lived in the similarsurveys for the other PMCs. A regional capital,Apia. Between1976 and 1984the crude overviewwhich compares and contrasts transport birth and deathrates were38 and 7 personsper sectorissues across all six r'MCs is presentedas thousand,respectively, equivalent to a cruderate Part I, VolumeOne of this study. of naturalincrease of approximately3 percent per annum. However,because of substantial emigration the actual rate of annual net B. GEOGRAPHY populationincrease averaged only 0.6 percentin the 1980s. In 198644 percentof the population 1.4 Western Samoa comprises two main was under 15 years of age. Most emigrantsgo islands, Upolu (where the capitri, Apia, is to NewZealand, Australia or the UnitedStates, located)and Savai'i, and a numbcrof smaller includingAmerican Samoa. It is estimatedthat islands(see Map). Savai'iis to the northwestof there are now at least 100,000Samoans (or 40 Upolu. A ferry links the two main islands percent of total Samoan nationality) living -2- overseas. Net rigration for the 20-25year age Productdonof banans, which was traditionally group has been estimatedat 3,000 per annum a major export item, has virtually ceased since the late 1970s. Becauseemigration has because of arguable quality control concerns had such a major effectin reducingthe rate of imposedby majo: "mporters. populationincrease, Western Samoa's future population size is difficult to estimate.