Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press smithsonian contributions to botany • number 106 Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press ConspectusA Chronology of the Benthic of MiddleMarine AlgaeMissouri of the Plains Gulf of California:Village Rhodophyta, Sites Phaeophyceae, and ChlorophytaBy Craig M. Johnson with contributions by StanleyJames A. N. Ahler, Norris, Herbert Luis Haas, E. and Aguilar-Rosas, Georges Bonani and Francisco F. Pedroche SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to History and Technology Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology In these series, the Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press (SISP) publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report on research and collections of the Institution’s museums and research centers. The Smithsonian Contributions Series are distributed via exchange mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Manuscripts intended for publication in the Contributions Series undergo substantive peer review and evaluation by SISP’s Editorial Board, as well as evaluation by SISP for compliance with manuscript preparation guidelines (available at https://scholarlypress.si.edu). For fully searchable PDFs of all open access series and publications of the Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, visit Open SI at http://opensi.si.edu. smithsonian contributions to botany • numb e r 1 0 6 Conspectus of the Benthic Marine Algae of the Gulf of California: Rhodophyta, Phaeophyceae, and Chlorophyta James N. Norris, Luis E. Aguilar-Rosas, and Francisco F. Pedroche WASHINGTON, D.C. 2017 ABSTRACT Norris, James N., Luis E. Aguilar-Rosas, and Francisco F. Pedroche. Conspectus of the Benthic Marine Algae of the Gulf of California: Rhodophyta, Phaeophyceae, and Chlorophyta. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 106, vi + 125 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, 1 appendix, 2017. — The present treatment constitutes an undated, annotated, systematic review of red, brown, and green benthic marine algae of the Gulf of California, Mexico, using the currently accepted taxon names, with the date and place of valid publication, type locality, and north to south distribution in the Gulf. The systematic list contains 730 species recognized in the Gulf of California, including 490 species of Rhodophyta, 112 species of Phaeophyceae, and 128 species of Chlorophyta. Among the previously recorded marine algae, 39 species are considered uncertain records or to have uncertain taxonomic status, the selection of a lectotype for Gracilaria hancockii resolves its taxonomic status, 3 combinations are made for recognized varieties of Caulerpa chemnitzia, and 15 species are excluded from the Gulf of California marine flora. The geographical distribution range of each species is given from its northernmost to southernmost locales within three regions the Gulf of California: the east coast of the Gulf (states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, and northern Jalisco), the west coast of the Gulf (states of Baja California and Baja California Sur), the islands of the Gulf, including the Islas Grandes (=Islas de la Cintura; Midriff Islands), and islands of the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, and northern Jalisco. Remarks, where appropriate, are included on taxonomy, nomenclature, ecology, and/or distribution with the taxon. Cover images (left to right): Hydroclathrus clathratus (Punta La Gringa, Baja California), Asparagopsis taxiformis (Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur); Colpomenia sinuosa (Puerto Peñasco, Sonora), and Spyridia filamentosa? (Laguna Per- cebú, Baja California). Image credits (left to right): 1, 2, 4 by L. E. Aguilar-Rosas; 3 by J. N. Norris. Published by SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SCHOLARLY PRESS P.O. Box 37012, MRC 957, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 https:// scholarlypress .si .edu Compilation copyright © 2017 Smithsonian Institution The rights to all text and images in this publication, including cover and interior designs, are owned either by the Smithson- ian Institution, by contributing authors, or by third parties. Fair use of materials is permitted for personal, educational, or noncommercial purposes. Users must cite author and source of content, must not alter or modify copyrighted content, and must comply with all other terms or restrictions that may be applicable. Users are responsible for securing permission from a rights holder for any other use. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Norris, James N., author. | Aguilar Rosas, Luis Ernesto, author. | Pedroche, Francisco F., author. | Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, publisher. Title: Conspectus of the benthic marine algae of the Gulf of California : Rhodophyta, Phaeophyceae, and Chlorophyta / James N. Norris, Luis E. Aguilar-Rosas, and Francisco F. Pedroche. Other titles: Smithsonian contributions to botany ; no. 106. 0081-024X Description: Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2017. | Series: Smithsonian contributions to botany, ISSN 0081-024X ; number 106 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017006293 Subjects: LCSH: Marine algae—Mexico—California, Gulf of. | Red algae—Mexico—California, Gulf of. | Brown algae—Mexico—California, Gulf of. | Green algae—Mexico—California, Gulf of. | Benthic plants—Mexico— California, Gulf of. Classification: LCC QK571.9.C35 N65 2017 | DDC 579.8/809722—dc23 | SUDOC SI 1.29:106 LC record available at https:// lccn .loc .gov /2017006293 ISSN: 1938-2812 (online); 0081-024X (print) Publication date (online): 30 November 2017 Ó The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Perma- nence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48–1992. Contents LIST OF FIGURES v INTRODUCTION 1 SYSTEMATIC LIST 9 SYNOPSIS OF RED ALGAL TAXA 9 Rhodophyta Wettstein, 1901:46 13 SYNOPSIS OF BROWN ALGAL TAXA 62 Stramenopiles D. J. Patterson, 1989:372 63 Ochrophyta Cavalier-Smith, 1996:508 63 Phaeophyceae Kjellman, 1891:176 63 SYNOPSIS OF GREEN ALGAL TAXA 75 Chlorophyta Pascher, 1914:158 76 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 90 APPENDIX: LOCALITIES CITED IN DISTRIBUTION SECTIONS 91 REFERENCES 97 INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES 117 Figures 1. Gulf of California, Mexico 2 2. Gulf of California coasts from the mouth of Río Colorado to the southern entrance extending from Cabo San Lucas to Cabo Corrientes 3 3. Islas Grandes of the central northern Gulf of California 4 4. East coast of Gulf of California: Southward from Río Colorado to Cabo Corrientes 5 5. West coast of Gulf of California: Southward from Río Colorado to Cabo San Lucas 6 Conspectus of the Benthic Marine Algae of the Gulf of California: Rhodophyta, Phaeophyceae, and Chlorophyta James N. Norris,1* Luis E. Aguilar-Rosas,2 and Francisco F. Pedroche 3 INTRODUCTION The Gulf of California (Golfo de California), also known as the Sea of Cortez (Mar de Cortés) or Vermilion Sea (Mar Bermejo), is basically a long, rectangular basin, over 1,050 km in length (between 24°N and 32°N), and ranges 48−241 km (averaging about 175 km) in width. Closed in the north, the Gulf of California extends from the Río Colorado delta southward between the east coast of the Mexican Baja California penin- sula (states of Baja California and Baja California Sur) and the west coast of mainland Mexico (states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, and northern Jalisco) to its southernmost entrance, which runs southeast from Cabo San Lucas (Baja California Sur) to Cabo Corrientes (Jalisco). It has a coastline of about 4,000 km (Figures 1−5). There are over 900 islands (islas), islets (isolets), and rocas throughout the Gulf, including the largest islands in the Gulf, the Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cinura; Midriff Islands). The Gulf of California has wide range of habitats from coastal salt marshes, mangrove lagoons, estuaries, and marine intertidal and shallow subtidal waters to very deep waters over its tropical and subtropical to warm temperate regions (Pedroche et al., 2005, 2008; Norris, 2010, 2014). The Gulf of California has a wide variety of habitats that has yielded a high diver- sity of benthic macroalgae. Currently 730 species (including 3 subspecies, 30 varieties, and 9 forms) are recognized in the Gulf of California, with the Rhodophyta well repre- sented by 23 orders, 52 families, 155 genera, and 490 species (including 1 subspecies, 21 1 Department of Botany, National Museum of varieties, and 2 forms); Phaeophyceae represented by 10 orders, 19 families, 37 genera, Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Wash- and 112 species (including 1 subspecies, 2 varieties, and 2 forms); and Chlorophyta ington, D.C. 20560, USA. represented