The Creative Country: Policy, Practice and Place in New Zealand's Creative Economy 1999-2008 Jason Smith A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 2010 Faculty of Applied Humanities Primary Supervisor: Professor Ian Shirley Secondary Supervisor: Professor Marilyn Waring Table of Contents Attestation of Authorship 8 Acknowledgements 9 Abstract 10 Chapter 1 Introduction........................................................................................... 1 Background to the study ..................................................................................................................1 Chapter 2 Background and Critical Review of theory ................................ 5 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................5 2 Matters of definition ................................................................................................................5 3 Economic development of the creative economy ...................................................................9 Defining the Creative Economy ...................................................................................................9 Cities at the centre .................................................................................................................... 10 Florida and the creative class .................................................................................................... 12 Florida influence abroad ........................................................................................................... 14 Creative destruction .................................................................................................................. 15 Social capital ............................................................................................................................. 16 4 Contextualising New Zealand's creative economy and place ............................................... 18 Gaps and persisting questions around Florida.......................................................................... 20 5 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 3 Research Design ................................................................................ 24 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 24 2 Methodological approach for qualitative policy research .................................................... 25 Policy research .......................................................................................................................... 25 Schematic of the Research Design and Results chapters for this thesis ................................... 29 3 Selection of Methodologies and Methods ............................................................................ 30 Systems theory .......................................................................................................................... 30 Phenomenology ........................................................................................................................ 31 Hermeneutic enquiry ................................................................................................................ 32 4 Theoretical perspective of this research ............................................................................... 34 5 Epistemology of this research ............................................................................................... 34 6 Researching with integrity .................................................................................................... 36 Reflexivity .................................................................................................................................. 36 Ethical research ......................................................................................................................... 36 7 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 37 Chapter 4 Results 1 of 3: ..................................................................................... 38 Public policy system of New Zealand’s creative economy 1999-2008.................................. 38 1 Design of Research instruments and procedures ................................................................. 38 Data collection and storage ...................................................................................................... 38 Data management in this research ........................................................................................... 39 Application of the research instruments .................................................................................. 43 Limitations of the research design ............................................................................................ 45 Introduction to Results ................................................................................................................. 46 Early establishment of the creative economy 1999 - 2002 .......................................................... 47 A new dawn .............................................................................................................................. 49 Creative Government ................................................................................................................ 51 Economic development ............................................................................................................ 55 Getting on with building creative economy .............................................................................. 61 2002 Growth and Innovation Framework .......................................................................... 64 New term, new start ..................................................................................................................... 69 2003 .......................................................................................................................................... 70 Budget 2003 .............................................................................................................................. 72 New Zealand Trade and Enterprise ........................................................................................... 75 Reports from Screen and Design Taskforces ............................................................................ 76 2004 .......................................................................................................................................... 78 Design ........................................................................................................................................ 81 Sectors ....................................................................................................................................... 81 Music ......................................................................................................................................... 83 Textiles ...................................................................................................................................... 84 Book publishing ......................................................................................................................... 85 Cross-sectoral approach ........................................................................................................... 86 2005 .......................................................................................................................................... 88 Budget 2005 .............................................................................................................................. 90 Measuring creative economy success ...................................................................................... 91 End of political term .................................................................................................................. 94 Final Term ..................................................................................................................................... 95 Opening Reel ............................................................................................................................. 95 Focus back to Arts ..................................................................................................................... 97 Budget 2006 .............................................................................................................................. 98 Old and New Arts ...................................................................................................................... 99 Economic transformation ....................................................................................................... 101 Legislative safeguards for art .................................................................................................. 106 Budget 2007 ............................................................................................................................ 108 Reducing the Regional risk .....................................................................................................