building sustainable papakāinga to support Māori aspirations for self-determination Fleur Palmer phd 2016 building sustainable papakāinga to support Māori aspirations for self-determination Fleur Palmer 2016 Te Ara Poutama Auckland University of Technology A thesis submi ed to Auckland University of Technology in fulfi lment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D Table of Contents Acknowledgements 7 Dedica on 11 Abstract 13 Introduc on - Nō hea koe? 15 The infl uence of the Māori Land Court Diff ering percep ons of land The eff ect of land loss How this research is presented 19 Methodology: Prac ces of thinking and imagining 23 Kaupapa Māori 25 Using visioning techniques 29 Kaitaia 35 Historical context Diminishing resources Discriminatory state housing policies The Muriwhenua Treaty se lement The Whare Ora development 43 The site and the restric ons How the integrated development rule prejudices Māori? Budgetary constraints The long house Developing proposals for Whare Ora 59 The proposals developed by the par cipants How successful was this visioning workshop? The Resource Consent proposal using relocated buildings Public resistance to the development The council’s response Te Karaka No 1 83 Historical context - The evic on The site at Te Karaka and Restric ons A visioning workshop for Te Karaka The proposals that were developed by the family 91 How successful was this visioning wānanga? North Hokianga 99 Historical context - Aliena on from Mi mi Te Tao Maui hapū The par oning of land Restric ons Envisioning a future for the North Hokianga 114 Finding another way to create aspira onal visualisa ons of future development The proposals How successful was this visioning proposal? What does this research reveal? 131 Why the Resource Management Act hinders Māori development The impact of council apathy Why visualisa ons are useful Finding a way to be more inclusive What else impacts on access to housing? Overcoming building regula ons Overcoming lack of fi nancial support Legali es and land rights Concluding thoughts 141 Impediments to rural development Impediments to urban development Asser ng Māori-centred ways to occupy urban and rural areas Nga kupu Māori 147 Image list 149 References 155 Appendix A The refurbishment of Tū Moana 167 Appendix B A resource consent stage 1 Whare Ora 173 “I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or wri en by another person (except where explicitly defi ned in the acknowledgements), nor material which to a substan al extent has been submi ed for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other ins tu on of higher learning.” Acknowledgements Issues rela ng to Māori housing are fraught with diffi cul es. When I fi rst began looking at this area, I could not see how to fi nd a way of construc vely naviga ng through the obsta- cles I knew existed in the murky world of confl icts between historical land transac ons, ten- sions between hapū, iwi, territorial authori es, the Māori Land Court and government en - es. In 2011, I saw Teddy Cruz do a presenta on via Skype at the Extraordinary architectural conference in Sydney. Cruz’s presenta on, delivered via a satellite link, was on work that he had been carrying out with immigrant communi es on the Tijuana and San Diego border. Cruz is an interna onally renowned architect and spa al ac vist originally from Guatema- la. To access be er facili es for the people that he works with, Cruz relies on extensive nego a ons with government agencies and local industries to cut through constraints that prevent local development. Cruz’s presenta on was of a socially engaged model of prac ce aimed at ac va ng change that operates at a poli cal level. When I saw his presenta on, I realized then that my project was not just about housing. To be eff ec ve, my project had to be poli cally ac ve, and consider the legisla ve contexts that govern access to housing and land use. I felt that in some ways, the situa on that Māori face is very similar to the prob- lems that Cruz was encountering in his work with landless immigrant communi es. Poli cal ac vism is not something that comes naturally to me (public presen ng terrifi es me), but over the dura on of this project I have realised that it is necessary to move in this direc on, as people have no idea of what Māori communi es face. Cruz’s poli cally engaged approach to architectural prac ce gave me a model and the courage to undertake this research. I am profoundly indebted to him. Research involves the input of mul ple collaborators. I acknowledge the support of my su- pervisory team: Professor Tania Ka’ai, who is instrumental in driving research that contrib- utes to the development of Māori communi es, Professor Tina Engels-Schwarzpaul, whose research is focused on Pacifi c peoples and knowledge that comes from other places, Dr Carl Mika, whose research interest is in Māori world views and colonisa on, and Beryl Wool- ford-Roa, who off ered advice at the start. 7 Le er of tribal endorsement. Colleagues at Auckland University of Technology who supported the work include Dr Mark Jackson, Charles Grinter, who assisted with the ethics approval, Dr Albert Refi , Tania Smith, Dr Rachael Ka’ai, Dr Dean Mahuta, Dr Hinematau McNeill, Hohepa Maclean, Amanda Yates, Dr Moana Nepia, and from other academic ins tu ons: Dr Dorita Hannah, Kathy Waghorn, Professor Jim Evans and Professor David Williams, who also provided support and insigh ul feedback along the way. Rau Hoskins and Jade Kake from Te Matapihi also played an important role in the develop- ment of the research, as they are ac ve in raising awareness of the issues Māori face and fi nding opportuni es to support Māori housing ini a ves. Over the dura on of this research I collaborated with three communi es located in Kaitaia, Te Karaka and the North Hokianga. These collabora ons led to visualisa ons of aspira ons for future development. The fi rst collabora on was with Ricky Houghton, Sophie Smith, and He Korowai Trust. It was great working with the He Korowai team. Thank you for your aroha and manākitanga. Although the original par cipants in the wānanga for the Whare Ora development did not end up being selected to occupy the houses, I thank these families for their contribu on, en- thusiasm and assistance in helping to visualise Māori aspira ons for development in support of this project. Planning for the Whare Ora project was supported by Bernade e Aperahama, and Biddy Li- vesey; Biddy and Bernade e helped me dra the resource consent applica on (Appendix B). Lynley Newport and Lou-Ann Ballantyne, and Paul Cook from the Far North District Council, also provided support by highligh ng the main building and resource consent issues, and considering an alterna ve plan that stood outside legisla ve restric ons. Third-year students and staff from Auckland University of Technology Spa al Design also generously assisted in suppor ng the Whare Ora project by helping me measure and draw up as-built plans of the houses that came from Glen Innes, and making small scale models to test site and landscaping. I thank them, and also Kwong Vei Yong, Hope Puriri and Kahurangi Goulton, who recorded the Whare Ora visioning workshop. Some photos of the relocated houses in Kaitaia and the Motu’s place, came from s lls taken from fi lm shot by Briar March, Mark Lapwood or Johnnie Haydn. During the build, Briar made two documentaries about social housing: A Place called Home and Whare Tapa Wha. In the process of making these documentaries she tracked the relocated houses as they moved from Glen Innes to the Far North. For the Te Karaka project, I thank members of the Hawke family, especially Arohanui and Bob Hawke, and contributors to the Te Karaka 1 proposals. From the North Hokianga, I thank my whānaunga from Mi mi : especially Pat Waiomio, who died in 2014, and her daughter, Karen. I acknowledge Andrew and Georgina Kendall, Kaye Maree and Mita Dunn, Tom Allen and Robyn Kamira. I thank Reuben Porter and Heeni Hotorene who are developing Whare Uku housing in the Far North (one of the few examples of self-built aff ordable housing built on Māori land in the Far North). I acknowledge Haami Piripi, chairperson of Te Rūnanga o Te Rarawa, who gave formal tribal endorsement to my research, and the eff orts of people who par cipated in hui from Ma he he, Motu , Waihou, Waipuna, Ngā Nga Manawa, Ngā Tupoto and Waipereira marae. My thanks also go to Tosh Ah Kit from Auckland University of Technology who also assisted me. This research was generously supported by Auckland University of Technology, who paid 9 my fees, provided an award to write the thesis and supported my a endance in numerous wri ng workshops and conferences. I am very grateful. Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga also provided cri cal support through Kaupapa Māori workshop series and doctoral conferences dedicated to Māori research, which connected me to a wider network of researchers working in similar areas. This provided an essen al pla orm to carry out the research within a highly suppor ve environment, and also made the journey less solitary. Lastly I acknowledge the support of my partner Jus n Marler, my children, Tristan and Zoe, sister Yolande, niece Anaelle, and my ancestors.