People, Passions, and Power Social Movements, Interest Organizations, and the Political Process John C. Green, Series Editor Transnational Protest and After the Boom: The Politics of Generation X edited by Stephen C. Craig and Stephen Earl Bennett American Labor Unions in the Electoral Arena by Herbert B. Asher, Eric S. Heberlig, Global Activism Randall B. Ripley, and Karen Snyder Citizen Democracy: Political Activists in a Cynical Age by Stephen E. Frantzich Cyberpolitics: Citizen Activism in the Age of the Inte1'11et by Kevin A. Hill and John E. Hughes Democracy's Moment: Reforming the American Political System for the 21st Century edited by Ron Hayduk and Kevin Mattson Gaia's Wager: Environmental Movements and the Challenge of Sustainability by Gary C. Bryner Multiparty Politics in America edited by Paul S. Herrnson and John C. Green Rage on the Right: The American Militia Movement from Ruby Ridge to Homeland Security by Lane Crothers Rethinking Social Movements: Structure, Meaning, and Emotion edited by Jeff Good­ Edited by win and James M. Jasper Social Movements and American Political Institutions edited by Anne N. Costain and Donatella della Porta and Sidney Tarrow Andrew S. McFarland The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New CentlllY edited by David S. Meyer and Sidney Tarrow The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, 3rd ed., edited by John C. Green and Daniel M. Shea The State of the Parties, 4th ed., edited by John C. Green and Rick D. Farmer Teamsters and Turtles? U.S. Progressive Political Movements in the 21st Century edited by John C. Berg Transnational Protest and Global Activism edited by Donatella della Porta and Sid­ neyTarrow Waves of Protest: Social Movements since the Sixties edited by Jo Freeman and Victo­ ria Johnson Forthcoming The Art and Craft of Lobbying: Political Engagement in American Politics by Ronald G. Shaiko Chimes of Freedom: Student Protest and the American University by Christine Kelly Coalitions across Borders: Transnational Protest and the Neo-Liberal Order edited by Joe Bandy and Jackie Smith The Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement: Changing Policies! Changing Minds? by Steven H. Haeberle Ralph Nader, the Greens, and the Crisis of American Politics by John C. Berg The U.S. Women's Movement in Global Perspective edited by Lee Ann Banaszak ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham • Boulder· New York· Toronto· Oxford _ .. _~---~~~~- ----------- Contents List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Preface xiii 1 Transnational Processes and Social Activism: An Introduction 1 Donatella della Porta and Sidney Tarrow Part I TRANSNATIONALISM FROM THE INSIDE 2 A Limited Transnationalization? The British Environmental Movement 21 Christopher Rootes 3 Cities in the World: Local Civil Society and Global Issues in Britain 45 Mario Diani Part II DIFFUSION AND SCALE SHIFT 4 The Sequencing of Transnational and National Social Movement Mobilization: The Organizational Mobilization of the Global and U.S. Environmental Movements 71 Erik Johnson and John D. McCarthy 5 The Impact of Transnational Protest on Social Movement Organizations: Mass Media and the Making of ATTAC Germany 95 Felix Kolb vii viii Contents 6 Scale Shift in Transnational Contention 121 Sidney Tarrow and Doug McAdam Part III INTERNATIONALIZATION 7 Patterns of Dynamic Multilevel Governance and the Insider-Outsider Coalition 151 Figures Kathryn Sikkink 8 Multiple Belongings, Tolerant Identities, and the Construction of "Another Politics": Between the European Social Forum and the Local Social Fora 175 Donatella della Porta 9 Social Movements beyond Borders: Understanding Two Eras Figure 4.1 U.S. National Environmental SMO Foundings and of Transnational Activism 203 Population Density 81 W Lance Bennett Figure 4.2 International Environmental SMO Foundings and Population Density 82 10 Conclusion: "Globalization/' Complex Internationalism, and Figure 4.3 International and u.s. National Environmental SMO Transnational Contention 227 Foundings 84 Sidney Tarrow and Donatella della Porta Figure 4.4 Yearly Density of International and u.s. National Environmental SMOs 85 Appendix A: Organizational Consolidation 247 Figure 4.5 International Environmental SMO Population Appendix B: Repertoires of Action 248 Density and u.s. National Foundings 86 Figure 4.6 National Environmental SMO Population Density References 251 and International Foundings 87 Index 275 Figure 5.1 The Growth of ATTAC Membership in Germany, Jan. 2001 through Nov. 2002 102 About the Contributors 285 Figure 5.2 Number of Articles on ATTAC Published in the taz, Jan. 2000-Dec. 2002 103 Figure 5.3 Number of Reports on ATTAC Generated by the Main News Agencies, by Month, Jan. 2000-Dec. 2002 104 Figure 5.4 Number of Articles on Globalization, by Year, Published in the taz, 1990-2002 107 Figure 5.5 Number of Articles on Globalization Published in the taz, by Month, November 1999-December 2001 108 Figure 5.6 Number of Articles on ATTAC Published per Week in the taz, June-August 2001 112 Figure 5.7 Occasion for ATTAC Coverage in the taz per Half Year, 2000-2002 113 Figure 5.8 Number of Articles Published on Different SMOs in the taz per Quarter, January 2000-December 2002 114 Figure 6.1 Scale Shift; Alternative Pathways 128 Figure 7.1 Dynamic Multilevel Governance 156 ix 1 Transnational Processes and Social Activism: An Introduction DONATELLA DELLA PORTA AND SIDNEY TARROW Modern social movements developed with the creation of the nation­ state, and the nation-state has for many years been the main target for protest. Although social movements have often pushed for a conception of "direct" democracy, the institutions and actors of representative democracy have long structured movements' political opportunities and constraints within the boundaries of institutional politics. In fact, for most of the history of the modern national state, political parties were the main actors in democratic representation, linking the formation of collective identities with representative institutions. But at the turn of the millen­ nium, nation-states face a host of new challenges: • From without, there is the contemporary challenge of terrorism and the rejection of pluralistic and secular government on the part of broad sectors of the world's population; • from within, there is both Widespread disaffection from conventional forms of politics and disillusionment with the active state; • linking these internal and external challenges are the uncertainties of new forms of internationalization and globalization that connect citi­ zens to a global market but reduce their control over their own fates. Although the power of the nation-state has by no means disappeared, since the 1960s, social, cultural, and geopolitical changes have begun to transform social movements' institutional and cultural environments. In particular, there has been a shift in the locus of political power-a shift symbolized by the growing use of concepts like "multilevel governance," 1 3 2 Transnational Processes and Social Activism "the world polity," " which point to the follow­ international actors, other states, or international institutions. In the first sec­ ing internal and eXlternal cteveJlop'l11E:mts. Internally, there has been a con- tion of this introduction, we will rapidly survey findings on the three bet­ tinuing shift in to the executive, and, within the ter-known processes of diffusion, domestication, and externalization. In executive, to to quasi-independent agencies. Power the second section, we will try to specify how the process of transnational has moved to parties that have been variously defined collective action has developed in recent years. In the third section, we as "projfessiclnal-€~le(:toral,"or "cartel" parties (for a review, will suggest some hypotheses about its forms and dynamics. In the fourth see VH.Cl, .'-V'"'~/, and therefore from party activists to the "new party section, we will summarize the contributions to the volume. pnDfessibl1,als. Externally, there has been a shift in the locus of institu­ tional power from the national to both the supranational and the regional levels, with the increasing power of international institutions, especially DIFFUSION, DOMESTICATION, economic ones (World Bank, International Monetary Fund [IMF], World AND EXTERNALIZATION Trade Organization [WTO]), and some regional ones (in Europe, the European Union [EU]; in the Western hemisphere, the North American Three broad processes link transnational politics today to the traditions Free Trade Agreement [NAFTA]). of social movement studies in the past and lay the groundwork for the Meanwhile, informal networks have spread across borders (such as major changes that we see occurring in the contemporary world. international agreements on standards; nongovernmental organization [NGO] coalitions in the areas of human rights, the environment, and Diffusion peace; and, in a darker vein, drug and human trafficking networks). Many see a shift in the axis of power from politics to the market, with Diffusion is the most familiar and the oldest form of transnational conten­ neoliberal economic policies increasing the power of multinational corpo­ tion. It need not involve connections across borders, but only that chal­ rations and reducing the capacity of traditional state structures to control lengers in one country or region adopt or adapt the organizational forms, them. Taken together, these changes have led to the development of a sys­ collective action frames, or targets of those in