View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis and Dissertation Collection 2016-12 Deployment of the military in post-conflict reconstruction: implication for democratization in Sri Lanka Dolage, Don Kapila Sarath Kumara Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/51682 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS DEPLOYMENT OF THE MILITARY IN POST- CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION: IMPLICATION FOR DEMOCRATIZATION IN SRI LANKA by Don Kapila Sarath Kumara Dolage December 2016 Thesis Advisor: Anshu Nagpal Chatterjee Co-Advisor: Florina Cristiana Matei Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED (Leave blank) December 2016 Master’s thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS DEPLOYMENT OF THE MILITARY IN POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION: IMPLICATION FOR DEMOCRATIZATION IN SRI LANKA 6. AUTHOR(S) Don Kapila Sarath Kumara Dolage 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING Naval Postgraduate School ORGANIZATION REPORT Monterey, CA 93943-5000 NUMBER 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND 10. SPONSORING / ADDRESS(ES) MONITORING AGENCY N/A REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB number ____N/A____. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) How does post-conflict militarization affect democratization in Sri Lanka? In 2009, Sri Lanka ended three decades of counter-insurgency action with the separatist LTTE. Yet the military remains active in the reconstruction processes. Critics describe the deployment of the military in post-conflict reconstruction as an impediment to democratization. This thesis, however, argues that the deployment of the military in post-conflict reconstruction both positively and negatively affects democratization processes in Sri Lanka. This thesis also studies the political developments from 1948 to 2016 that resulted in the deployment of the military internally. Then, it analyzes the effects of such military roles toward democratic consolidation and civil-military relations within the frameworks of analysis provided by Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, and Thomas C. Bruneau and Florina Cristiana Matei. This thesis finds that post-conflict militarization positively affects democratic consolidation in the short term but negatively in the long term. It also finds both positive and negative effects toward democratic civil-military relations. Sri Lanka presents a unique case because militarization helped the economic growth of the country during the conflict. Hence, this research will contribute to the studies on the effects of post-conflict militarization toward democratization theoretically, and in the South Asian context. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER Democratization, democratic consolidation, civil-military relations, militarization, post-conflict OF PAGES reconstruction, effectiveness of the military, democratic civilian control of the military 149 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540–01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2–89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239–18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. DEPLOYMENT OF THE MILITARY IN POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION: IMPLICATION FOR DEMOCRATIZATION IN SRI LANKA Don Kapila Sarath Kumara Dolage Lieutenant Colonel, Sri Lanka Army M.A. (Defence Studies), University of Kelaniya, 2005 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES (CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS) from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL December 2016 Approved by: Anshu Nagpal Chatterjee Thesis Advisor Cristiana Matei Co-Advisor Mohammed M. Hafez, Ph.D. Chair, Department of National Security Affairs iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT How does post-conflict militarization affect democratization in Sri Lanka? In 2009, Sri Lanka ended three decades of counter-insurgency action with the separatist LTTE. Yet the military remains active in the reconstruction processes. Critics describe the deployment of the military in post-conflict reconstruction as an impediment to democratization. This thesis, however, argues that the deployment of the military in post- conflict reconstruction both positively and negatively affects democratization processes in Sri Lanka. This thesis also studies the political developments from 1948 to 2016 that resulted in the deployment of the military internally. Then, it analyzes the effects of such military roles toward democratic consolidation and civil-military relations within the frameworks of analysis provided by Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, and Thomas C. Bruneau and Florina Cristiana Matei. This thesis finds that post-conflict militarization positively affects democratic consolidation in the short term, but negatively in the long term. It also finds both positive and negative effects toward democratic civil-military relations. Sri Lanka presents a unique case because militarization helped the economic growth of the country during the conflict. Hence, this research will contribute to the studies on the effects of post-conflict militarization toward democratization theoretically, and in the South Asian context. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................1 A. MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTION..........................................................1 B. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH QUESTION ...........................2 C. LITERATURE REVIEW .........................................................................3 1. Democratization and Consolidation of Democracy ....................4 2. Civil-Military Relations .................................................................7 3. Post-Conflict Reconstruction ......................................................12 4. The Sri Lankan Context ..............................................................15 D. HYPOTHESES ........................................................................................19 E. RESEARCH DESIGN .............................................................................21 F. THESIS OVERVIEW .............................................................................21 II. DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION AND CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS: 1948 TO 1990 ..............................................................................23 A. THE DOMINION OF CEYLON: POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS FROM 1948 TO 1972 ............................................23 1. Transition to a Democracy and the Citizenship Acts: 1948–1956......................................................................................24 2. The Sinhala Only Act and the Rise of Federalist Ideology: 1956–1972......................................................................................27 3. The Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) Insurrection: 1971................................................................................................30 B. SRI LANKAN REPUBLIC: POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS FROM 1972 TO 1990...............................................................................31 1. Becoming a Republic and Emergence of Separatist Insurgency: 1972–1977 ................................................................31 2. Development of the Separatist Insurgency: 1977–1982 ............33 3. Escalation of Insurgencies: 1983–1990.......................................35 4. The Indo-Sri Lanka Accord: 1987 .............................................36 C. CIVIL–MILITARY RELATIONS FROM 1948 TO 1990 ..................40 1. Democratic Civilian Control of the Military .............................40 2. Effectiveness of the Military .......................................................49 D. CHAPTER SUMMARY ..........................................................................52 III. DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION AND CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS: 1990–2009 ....................................................................................55 A. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS FROM 1990 TO 2009 ....................55 1. The Eelam War II and the Rise of the LTTE ............................56 vii 2. The Eelam War III