NOTE TO USERS mis repmduction is the best 'copy available Seeing is Believing? Historical Connections Between the Pictured Landscape and Tourism in the High Eastern Arctic A Thesis Submitted to the Committee on Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Faailty of Arts and Science TRENT UNIVERSITY Peterborough, Ontario, Canada O Copyright by Jeralyne Karen Manweiler (1999) Canadian Heritage and Development Studies M.A. Program June 1399 National Library Bibliothbque nationale 1+1 of,,, du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services senrices bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Cmawa ON K1A ON4 OnawaON K1AON4 Canada Canada The author bas granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive Licence ailowing the exclusive permettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of ths thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownershp of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts &om it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenvise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Acknowledgements In such a large endeavour as a thesis one invariably cornes into contact with many people and must rely on even more for support. If I were to list every person that helped me get to this point ifi my life the list would be almost as long as the thesis itself. I have been very fortunate to have wonderful friends, teachen, professors, and family who have stood by me through it all. They have received the exasperated phone calls, the frantic emails, the letters expressing rny ternporary lapses of initiative with grace and care. For that I thank them from the bottom of rny heart. In particüler. I would like to acknowledge my parents Karen and Alexander Manweiler whose unfailing support has meant much more to me than I think they know. They have always said - know what you want, believe in yourself. work hard, and go get it. How they live their lives is the greatest inspiration. To my brother Gerald Manweiler and his wife Sheila - thanks for always being willing to lend a listening ear and periodic camping trips to relieve some stress. As for my friends, all I can say is thank you for listening, commiserating, bringing me sugar when needed, cheering me up, and generally just being there. In particular I would like to acknowledge Michelle Sasvari and Victoria Lee who were there when this whole adventure began, Jan Warfield who began the adventure with me and stood by me the whole way, Paul Elleman who made the adventure more enjoyable with his inner peace and happiness. Susan Knabe who showed me the many possibilities in an adventure, and Jamie and Denise Maddison who always listened and let me just be who I am throughout the whole adventure. I wtsh to thank my cornmittee members. Professors Shelagh Grant, Bruce Hodgins. and John Wadland for supporting my ideas and pushing me forward. They never questioned the relevance of my research and even proved to me at times when I was discouraged that I had something to offer. Their insight. helpfulness. and of course editing made the whole process possible. I must also acknowledge al1 the support given by Professor Doug McCalla who provided a strong lstenlng ear and insightful advice whenever requested. Finally. 1 would like to acknowledge and thank the residents of lqaluit and Pond inlet. Northwest Territones who opened their tomand lives to me and let me share. if only for a brief moment. their land. Without the Nunavut Research Institute. Adventure Canada. Tonoonik Sahoonik Outfitters and Dave Reid, Matthias. Charlie, Jule, and Lamech the trip would not have been possible. In particular. I would like to note the assistance provided by Matthew Swan of Adventure Canada who made the trip possible. The memory of hearing a Narwahl on the floe edge and the wonderful beauty of the land will never be forgotten. Through my experience at Trent and the completion of my research I have leamed that whatever you expect will not always be what you get, adversity makes you stronger, peanut butter toast is a food group, and 'perhaps the most fzscinating terrae incognitae of al1 are those which lie within the hearts and min& of men " [and women] - John Kirkland Wright. Thankyou. Abstract Seeing is Believing? Historical Connections Between the Pictured Landscape and Tourism in the High Eastern Arctic Jeralyne Karen Manweiler Images, whether landscape paintings or photographs, affect southern Canadians' cultural and political perceptions about the high eastem Arctic. Landscape imagery cf the region has influenced the popcllar media's imagination so much that a critical eye is rarely applied to historical and contemporary images. Perceptions of the Arctic landscape are derived from many influences. Landscape theory, theories of nationalism, as well as ideas about nature and wildemess refiect how the landsmpe can be interpreted. Direct links cm be demonstrated between historic landscape paintings, the revolutionizing effect of photography, the impact of members of the Group of Seven on images of Canadian nationalism, and conternporary tourism advertising. Images of the high eastem Arctic landscape combine to fom a collective mernory involving a cultural and ideological hybridization of ideas that privileges a romantic perception. The purpose of this thesis is to acknowledge the romantic perception as wnstnicted and reinforced and not pnvilege it to Vie exclusion of others. Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... ii Abstract ................................................................................................................ iv Table of Contents ................................................................................................. v List of Figures ....................................................................................................... v Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One -Theory and Methodology ............................................................... 8 Met hodology ..................................................................................................... -9 Liids~âpeTheory ........................................................................................... 77 Teories of Nationalism.................................................................................. -25 Th-orles of Tourism and Its Connection to Advertising ................................... 31 Chapter Two: Images Past.................................................................................. 39 The ldea of Wildemess , Landscape. and British Representations ................39 North American Representations ................................................................... 58 Chapter Three: Images Present .......................................................................... 81 The "North" and Modem Photography ............................................................ 81 Tourism and Photography - A Love Hate Relationship................................... 83 Tourism and Baffin Island.............................................................................. 106 Chapter Four: Baffin Island Case Study Results .......................................... 109 Questionnaire Results .................................................................................. .Il0 Questionnatre and Profile Comparison......................................................... 113 Participant Observation Results .................................................................... 124 Content Analysis .......................................................................................... 131 Canadian Geographic ................................................................................... 132 Equinox .................................................................................................... 138 Up Here .................................... ................................................. 145 Conclusion and Recommendations for Further Study ............................ 157 General Conclusions and Summary ..................................... 157 Assessrnent of Mettiodology .............. ............................................ 163 Recommendat~onsfor Further Research .............................................. 166 Appendix One .Nunavut Research Institute License Trent Ethrcs Board Approval Sample Consent Fonand Questionnaire Questionnaire Summary Aopendix Two .Content Analysis Chans Content Analysis Tallied Numbers for Magazines Market Analysrs Sumrnaryl Nunavut Tounsm Appendix Three .Exchanged and Personal Photographs Personal Journal Notes Works Cited ............................ List of Figures Fig. 1 Modem map of the Canadian North from Canada and the World: An Atlas Resource (Scarborough: Prentice Hall. 1985). ............................... Fig. 2 John White Encounter at Bloody Point 1577 from Explorers of the North: The Polar Vovariers