Notes Introduction 1 . Plato, The Republic , trans. Benjamin Jowett (Mineola, New York: Dover, 2000): 259. 2 . See Vincent Geoghegan, Utopianism and Marxism (London and New York: Methuen, 1987): 2. 3 . Ernst Bloch, The Principle of Hope, trans. Neville Plaice, Stephen Plaice, and Paul Knight, 3 vols. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986): 13. 4 . Ellen Dissanayake, Homo Aestheticus: Where Art Comes From and Why , 1995 ed. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1992, 1995): 51 ff. 5 . See especially Dissanayake, Homo Aestheticus ’: 51 ff. Also, Edward O Wilson, The Social Conquest of Earth (London and New York: Liveright, 2012) and Roger Fry, Art and Commerce, The Hogarth Essays (London: The Hogarth Press, 1926). 6 . The Holy Bible , King James ed. Genesis 3:22. 7 . Peter Thompson, ‘Ernst Bloch and the Quantum Mechanics of Hope’, in Atheism in Christianity (London and New York: Verso, 2009): 167. 8 . Ernst Bloch, Atheism in Christianity , trans. JT Swann (London and New York: Verso, 2009). 9 . Philip Pullman, The Subtle Knife (London: Scholastic Children’s Books, 2000): 548. 10 . Ernst Bloch, The Spirit of Utopia , trans. Anthony A Nassar, Meridian: Crossing Aesthetics (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000): 1. 11 . Richard Howells, The Myth of the Titanic (London and New York: Macmillan Press and St Martin’s Press, 1999); Richard Howells, The Myth of the Titanic , second ed. (Basingstoke, Hampshire and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012). 12 . I owe the expression ‘necessary illusions’ to Fred Inglis. He used it in his pre-publication endorsement for the first edition of Howells, The Myth of the Titanic . 13 . See Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973). 14 . Richard Howells, ‘Sorting the Sheep from the Sheep: Value, Worth and the Creative Industries’, in The Public Value of the Humanities , ed. Jonathan Bate, Warwick Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities (London and New York: Bloombsury Academic, 2011). I cite Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures : 18. 1 Visions and Derisions of Utopia 1 . Thomas More, Utopia , trans. Paul Turner (Penguin Classics) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965): 69–70. 2 . Ibid., 8. 156 Notes 157 3 . The Holy Bible , King James ed. Genesis 2:9. 4 . Ibid., Genesis 3:17. 5 . Darren Webb, ‘Exploring the Relationship Between Hope and Utopia: Towards a Conceptual Framework,’ Politics, 28(3) (2008): 202. 6 . Ibid., 197. 7 . Ibid., 203–4. 8 . Ibid., 202. 9 . Plutarch, ‘Lycurgus’. In The Utopia Reader , ed. Gregory Claeys and Lyman Tower Sargent (New York: New York University Press, 1999): 19. 10 . Ibid. 11 . Ibid., 20. 12 . Tommaso Campanella, ‘La Citta del Sole: Diologo Politico. The City of the Sun: A Political Dialogue’. In The Faber Book of Utopias , ed. John Carey. (London: Faber and Faber, 1999): 61. 13 . Ibid., 62. 14 . Yevegny Zamyatin, ‘We’ (excerpt). In The Faber Book of Utopias , ed. John Carey (London: Faber and Faber, 1999): 387. 15 . Zamyatin is also transliterated as Zamiatin, for example in Gregory Claeys and Lyman Tower Sargent, eds, The Utopia Reader (New York and London: New York University Press, 1999). 16 . Marge Piercy, ‘Woman on the Edge of Time’ (excerpt). In The Faber Book of Utopias , ed. John Carey (London: Faber and Faber, 1999): 476. 17 . Charlotte Perkins Gilman, ‘Herland’ (excerpt). In The Faber Book of Utopias , ed. John Carey (London: Faber and Faber, 1999): 386. 18 . Marquis de Sade, ‘Justine, Philosophy of the Bedroom, Eugénie de Franval and Other Writings’ (excerpt). In The Faber Book of Utopias , ed. John Carey (London: Faber and Faber, 1999): 167. 19 . Ibid., 169. 20 . John Carey, The Faber Book of Utopias (London: Faber and Faber, 1999): 168. 21 . Catriona Ní Dhúill, ‘Engendering the Future: Bloch’s Utopian Philosophy in Dialogue with Gender Theory’. In The Privitisation of Hope , ed. Peter Thompson and Slavoj Žižek. SIC . (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013): 147. Further recent work on feminism and gender, sex and sexual identity has been done by Lucy Sargisson, to whom I shall return. See Lucy Sargisson, Fool’s Gold: Utopianism in the Twenty-First Century . Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. See especially Sargisson’s chapters 3 and 4. 22 . Ní Dhúill, ‘Engendering the Future: Bloch’s Utopian Philosophy in Dialogue with Gender Theory,’ 148. 23 . Ibid., 158. 24 . Ibid., 150. 25 . Ibid. 26 . Ibid., 146. 27 . Ibid., 151. 28 . Ibid., 144. 29 . Ibid., 146. 30 . Ibid., 152. 31 . I gratefully acknowledge research funding and support from the Center for the Arts in Society, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, for enabling my research in the United States. 158 Notes 32 . Ephrata Cloister tour brochure, printed 2003. 33 . Karl JR Arndt, George Rapp’s Harmony Society (1785–1847) , revised ed. (Cranbury, NJ: Associated. Universities Press, 1972): 30. 34 . The community is variously spelled Harmonie (antique usage) and Harmony (modern). I have chosen the spellings according to context. 35 . John Archibald Bole, The Harmony Society , ed. Marion Dexter (Philadelphia: Americana Germanica Press, 1905): 51. 36 . Ibid., 52. 37 . Advertisement from the Pittsburgh Mercury and the Pittsburgh Gazette , reprinted in Arndt, George Rapp’s Harmony Society (1785–1847) : 135. 38 . See ibid., 296. 39 . Cited in ibid., 226. 40 . Cited in ibid., 325. 41 . See, for example, the accounts in ibid., 336 ff. 42 . Ibid., 334. 43 . Ibid., 6. 44 . More, Utopia : 80. 45 . For more on the Harmony Society, see Aaron Williams, The Harmony Society at Economy, Penn’a (New York: Series of AMS Press, 1971). Communal Societies in America; Arndt, George Rapp’s Harmony Society (1785–1847) . 46 . Old Economy Village tour material, summer 2004. 47 . New Harmony tour material, summer 2004. 48 . According to Williams, they attempted to extract gold from stones: ‘A small portion of the precious metal at length appeared, but how it got into the crucible is not explained.’ Williams, The Harmony Society at Economy, Penn’a : 78. See also Arndt, George Rapp’s Harmony Society (1785–1847) : 497, 532. 49 . Claeys suggested this hypothesis in a presentation to the 14th International Conference of the Utopian Studies Society at New Lanark, Scotland, in July 2013. 50 . For a ‘taxonomy’ of modes of Utopian thought, see Webb, ‘Exploring the Relationship Between Hope and Utopia: Towards a Conceptual Framework.’ 51 . Ibid., 202. 52 . Ibid., 197. 53 . Ibid., 203–4. 54 . Ibid., 202. 55 . Stephen Bann, ‘Introduction’. In Utopias and the Millennium , ed. Krishnan Kumar and Stephen Bann. Critical Views (London: Reaktion Books, 1993): 1. 56 . Ibid., 6. Bann in turn cites Louis Marin, ‘The Frontiers of Utopia,’ in Utopias and the Millennium , ed. Krishnan Kumar and Stephen Bann, Critical Views (London: Reaktion Books, 1993): 7–16. 57 . Edward Rothstein, Herbert Muschamp, and Marirn E Murray, Visions of Utopia (New York Public Library Lectures in Humanities) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). 58 . See especially Furaha D Norton’s Introduction: vii–ix. 59 . Martin Parker, ‘Utopia and the Organizational Imagination: Outopia’. In Utopia and Organization , ed. Martin Parker. The Sociological Review Monographs (Oxford and Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2002): 1. 60 . Ibid. 61 . Ibid., 3. Notes 159 62 . Ibid., 8, note 7. 63 . Frederic Jameson, Archaeologies of the Future: The Desire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions (London and New York: Verso, 2007). 64 . Ibid., vii. 65 . Ibid., xii. 66 . Ibid., xvi. 67 . Jörn Rüsen and Thomas W Rieger Michael Fehr, eds, Thinking Utopia: Steps into Other Worlds . Making Sense of History (New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2007): ix. 68 . Ibid. 69 . Michael D Gordin, Helen Tilley, and Gyan Pradash, eds, Utopia/Dystopia (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2010): 1. 70 . Ibid., 3. 71 . Ibid. 72 . Ibid., 14. 73 . Roger Scruton, The Uses of Pessimism (London: Atlantic Books, 2010). 74 . Ibid., 1–2. 75 . Ibid., 3. 76 . Ibid., 64. 77 . Ibid. 78 . Sargisson, Fool’s Gold: Utopianism in the Twenty-First Century : 5. 79 . Ibid., 2. 80 . Ibid., 1. 81 . Ibid., 3. 82 . Ibid., 8. 83 . Ibid., 10–22. 84 . Ibid., 7. 85 . Ibid., 15. 86 . Ibid., 21. 87 . Ibid., 15. 88 . Ibid. 89 . Ibid., 4. 90 . Ibid., 22. 91 . Ibid., 24–5. 92 . Ibid., 27. 93 . Ibid., 25. 94 . Ibid., 29. 95 . Ibid., 30. 96 . Ibid., 37. 97 . Ibid., 38. 98 . Ibid., 39. 99 . TW Adorno, ‘On Resignation’. In The Culture Industry , ed. JM Bernstein (London: Routledge, 1991): 172–5. 100 . ‘Can Hope Be Disappointed?’ was indeed the title of Bloch’ inaugural lecture at the University of Tübingen in 1961. See Jack Zipes, ‘Introduction: Toward a Realization of Anticipatory Illumination’. In The Utopian Function of Art and Literature , Studies in Contemporary German Thought (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1988): 25. 101 . Sargisson, Fool’s Gold: Utopianism in the Twenty-First Century : 239. 160 Notes 102 . Ibid. 103 . Ibid. 104 . Ibid., 242. 105 . Ibid., 243. 106 . Ibid. 107 . Ruth Levitas, Utopia as Method (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013): viii. 108 . Ibid., xii. 109 . Ibid., 11. 110 . Ibid., xii. 111 . Ibid. 112 . Ibid., xiii. 113 . Ibid., xii–xv. 114 . Ibid., xviii. 115 . Ibid., 5. 116 . Ibid., 19. 117 . Ibid., 44. 118 . Ibid. Levitas in turn cites Ernst Bloch, The Principle of Hope (3 vols.). Trans. by Neville Plaice, Stephen Plaice, and Paul Knight (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986): 1068. 119 . Levitas, Utopia as Method : 153. 120 . Ibid. 121 . Ibid., 153–4. 122 . Ibid., 217. 123 . Ibid., 220. 124 . Frank E Manuel and Fritzie P Manuel, Utopian Thought in the Western World (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 1979): 759–800. 125 . Ibid., 788. 126 . Ibid., 801. 127 . Ibid., 814. 128 . Michael J Sandel, What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits Of Markets (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2012): 203. 2 Ernst Bloch and Utopian Critical Theory 1 . TW Adorno and Max Horkheimer, ‘The Culture Industry, Enlightenment as Mass Deception,’ in The Dialectic of Enlightenment (London: Verso, 1979): 143.