Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Functional Structural Found Example Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Group Formula In carbo- H H hydrates, proteins, Hydroxyl OH H C C OH X X nucleic H H acids, W W Ethanol lipids H O carbo- O C C hydrates, Carbonyl H C C H nucleic C H acids Acetaldehyde O H O Z Y Y Z proteins, Carboxyl C H C C lipids OH OH H Acetic acid H O H H proteins, N Amino HO C C N nucleic H acids H CH3 Alanine COOH Sulfhydryl S H H C CH2 S H proteins NH 2 Cysteine O– OH OH H O Phosphate O P O– H C C C O P O– nucleic acids O H H H O– Glycerol phosphate Mirror O H H Methyl C H HO C C NH2 proteins H C H H H Alanine 1 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cellular Structure Polymer Monomer CH2OH H O H HO OH Carbohydrate H OH Starch grains in a chloroplast Starch Monosaccharide P P P T P Nitrogenous base T G A P G A P P C P p A P C O P P A Phosphate C 5-carbon sugar Nucleic Acid Nucleic T P group P P OH P Chromosome DNA strand Nucleotide H CH3 Ala N C C OH Ala Val H H O Val Sel Protein Intermediate filament Polypeptide Amino acid O H H H H H H H H H H H HO C C C C C C C C C C C C H Lipid H H H H H H H H H H H Adipose cell with fat droplets Triglyceride Fatty acid 3 4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. H2O H2O 3-carbon Sugar 5-carbon Sugars 6-carbon Sugars H O 5 CH OH 5 CH OH 6 CH OH 6 CH OH 6 CH OH HO H HO H HO H 2 2 2 2 2 C 5 5 1 O O O O O OH OH H H OH H OH 4 1 4 1 H H H C OH 4 1 5 2 4 1 2 H H H H H OH H H OH H OH H H H HO OH HO CH2OH H H H C OH 3 2 3 2 1 3 4 3 3 2 3 2 HO H HO H HO H H OH OH OH H H OH OH H H OH Glyceraldehyde Ribose Deoxyribose Glucose Fructose Galactose a. Dehydration reaction b. Hydrolysis reaction 5 6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CH OH 2 H 5 H H C O H H H C OH C O C O O H OH C C OH H 4 1 C H C C OH C O Structural H C OH Stereo- H C OH H C H O H 3 2 1 6 H isomer isomer H C OH 5 H OH 2 H C O O HO C H HO C H HO C H α-glucose HO C H H C C or 3 4 OH H 1 -glucose H C OH H C OH HO C H O H H β H C OH 3 C C 2 4 CH OH H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH H OH 2 5 5 C O H C OH H OH H C OH H C OH H C OH 6 H C C OH H H 4 1 OH C C H H H H 3 2 Fructose Glucose Galactose H OH 7 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH O O O O H H H H H H H 4 1 OH H OH H OH H OH H OH O O HO Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. H OH H OH H OH H OH CH OH a-glucose α-1 4 linkages 2 CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH Amylose + Amylopectin O O O O O H O H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H + b. 7.5 µm OH OH OH H OH H OH H H H H O H OH O CH2OH HO CH2OH HO OH H HO OH HO OH O H OH H OH H OH α-1 6 linkage H OH OH H H2O OH H H OH α-glucose Fructose Sucrose Maltose CH2OH CH2 O O a. b. H H H H H H OH H OH H O H OH H OH Glycogen α-1 4 linkage a. c. 3.3 µm b: © Asa Thoresen/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: © J.Carson/Custom Medical Stock Photo 9 10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CH OH CH OH CH OH 2 2 H OH 2 O H OH O O H H O H H O 4 1 H OH H H OH H OH H OH H HO H O H O H H H O H OH H OH CH2OH H OH β-glucose β-1 4 linkages a. b. 500 µm b: © J.D. Litvay/Visuals Unlimited 11 12 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nitrogenous base NH2 O 5΄ Phosphate group C C NH2 N C N N C N H 7 6 H C H C N N C C H N C C NH 2 Purines N N 5 P 5΄ H H O Guanine Adenine 1 1΄ 8 4΄ Phosphodiester bonds NH O O Phosphate group 2 3΄ 2΄ 2 C C C H H C C H C 4 C N 3 N H N H O N N P H H H 5΄ C C O C C O C C O O N N N 9 3 4΄ 1΄ - Pyrimidines H H H O P O CH2 3΄ Cytosine Thymine Uracil 2΄ 5 (both DNA and RNA) (DNA only) (RNA only) - P b. O 5΄ O O 5-carbon sugar 4΄ 1΄ 4 1 3΄ 2΄ Nitrogenous base P 5΄ O 1΄ 3 2 OH in RNA 4΄ 3΄ 2΄ OH OH H in DNA a. 3΄ Sugar 13 14 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. P P Deoxyribose- P phosphate T P T backbone G P A G A P P C P P A C P G Sugar–phosphate Bases P A T “backbone” P P Hydrogen bonding P P occurs between base-pairs DNA P A P P P T P G P C Ribose-phosphate A G backbone C T P P OH U Phosphodiester 3΄ end A bonds A Bases U P P Hydrogen bonds between P nitrogenous bases P G RNA 5΄ end 15 16 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nitrogenous base (adenine) NH2 6 7 N Triphosphate group 5 N 1 8 O O O 5 2 – 4 O P O P O P O CH2 N N 9 3 O– O– O– O 4 1 3 2 OH OH 5-carbon sugar 17 18 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nonpolar Polar uncharged Charged CH3 OH O O– + – H3N C C O C CH2 H O + – CH H3N C C O 2 Alanine (Ala) CH R CH CH H O 2 H H R 3 3 Serine + – CH H3N C C O (Ser) CH3 H N+ C C O– H O 3 H C OH Glutamic acid H O (Glu) + – CH H3N C C O 3 Valine H N C C OH H N C C OH O O– (Val) CH H O 2 C Threonine O NH2 H C CH (Thr) 3 CH C 2 H N+ C C O– 3 H N+ C C O– Nonaromatic 3 + CH2 NH H O H O H O HC CH3 CH3 H O Isoleucine + C C O– CH H3N NH C N O 2 Aspartic acid (Ile) CH H (Asp) H O C CH2 CH 2 Asparagine Amino acid Amino acid + – C C O (Asn) CH2 H3N H N+ C C O– 3 H CH H O H O 2 Leucine Histidine + – H N+ C C O– H3N C C O 3 (Leu) (His) + H O H O CH2 NH3 Glycine Glutamine CH H2O (Gly) (Gln) 2 CH2 NH2 CH2 + C NH2 OH H N+ C C O– 3 NH NH H O CH 2 CH C Lysine 2 H N+ C C O– ( Lys) 3 CH CH CH2 2 2 R H R H O H + – – Aromatic H N C C O H N+ C C O CH 3 3 2 Phenylalanine + C C – (Phe) H O H O H3N O Tryptophan Tyrosine H O (Trp) ( Tyr) Arginine H N C C N C C OH (Arg) CH3 S H H O H O CH2 S CH2 CH2 CH 2 CH2 CH – + – + – 2 CH C O H3N C C O H3N C C O Dipeptide + Special function NH 2 O H O H O Proline Methionine Cysteine 19 (Pro) (Met) (Cys) 20 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.