PROPOSED Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series Recovery Strategy for the Spalding’s Campion (Silene spaldingii) in Canada Spalding’s Campion 2016 Recommended citation: Environment Canada. 2016. Recovery Strategy for the Spalding’s Campion (Silene spaldingii) in Canada [Proposed]. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Environment Canada, Ottawa. v + 26 pp. For copies of the recovery strategy, or for additional information on species at risk, including the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) Status Reports, residence descriptions, action plans, and other related recovery documents, please visit the Species at Risk (SAR) Public Registry1. Cover illustration: © Michael Keefer Également disponible en français sous le titre « Programme de rétablissement du silène de Spalding (Silene spaldingii) au Canada [Proposition] » © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment, 2016. All rights reserved. ISBN Catalogue no. Content (excluding the illustrations) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit to the source. 1 http://www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca Recovery Strategy for the Spalding’s Campion 2016 Preface The federal, provincial, and territorial government signatories under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk (1996)2 agreed to establish complementary legislation and programs that provide for effective protection of species at risk throughout Canada. Under the Species at Risk Act (S.C. 2002, c.29) (SARA), the federal competent ministers are responsible for the preparation of recovery strategies for listed Extirpated, Endangered, and Threatened species and are required to report on progress within five years after the publication of the final document on the SAR Public Registry. The Minister of the Environment is the competent minister under SARA for the Spalding’s Campion and has prepared this strategy, as per Section 37 of SARA. To the extent possible, it has been prepared in cooperation with the Province of British Columbia. Success in the recovery of this species depends on the commitment and cooperation of many different constituencies that will be involved in implementing the directions set out in this strategy and will not be achieved by Environment Canada, or any other jurisdiction alone. All Canadians are invited to join in supporting and implementing this strategy for the benefit of the Spalding’s Campion and Canadian society as a whole. This recovery strategy will be followed by one or more action plans that will provide information on recovery measures to be taken by Environment Canada and other jurisdictions and/or organizations involved in the conservation of the species. Implementation of this strategy is subject to appropriations, priorities, and budgetary constraints of the participating jurisdictions and organizations. The recovery strategy sets the strategic direction to arrest or reverse the decline of the species, including identification of critical habitat to the extent possible. It provides all Canadians with information to help take action on species conservation. When the recovery strategy identifies critical habitat, there may be future regulatory implications, depending on where the critical habitat is identified. SARA requires that critical habitat identified within federal protected areas be described in the Canada Gazette, after which prohibitions against its destruction will apply. For critical habitat located on federal lands outside of federal protected areas, the Minister of the Environment must either make a statement on existing legal protection or make an order so that the prohibition against destruction of critical habitat applies. For critical habitat located on non-federal lands, if the Minister of the Environment forms the opinion that any portion of critical habitat is not protected by provisions in or measures under SARA or other Acts of Parliament, and not effectively protected by the laws of the province or territory, SARA requires that the Minister recommend that the Governor in Council make an order to extend the prohibition against destruction of critical habitat to that portion. The discretion to protect critical habitat on non-federal lands that is not otherwise protected rests with the Governor in Council. 2 http://registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=en&n=6B319869-1#2 i Recovery Strategy for the Spalding’s Campion 2016 Acknowledgments Development of this recovery strategy was coordinated by Kella Sadler (Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service - Pacific and Yukon Region), with the assistance of Jamie Leathem and Matthew Huntley, and Meaghan Leslie-Gottschligg. Keefer Ecological Services Ltd. (Michael Keefer, Alison Kennedy, and Allana Oestreich) prepared the first draft of this recovery strategy under contract with Environment Canada. The authors, with permission from the B.C. Ministry of Environment, incorporated material from the BC recovery strategy prepared by the Southern Interior Rare Plants Recovery Implementation Group (SIRPRIG 2008). Leah Westereng and Brenda Costanzo (both B.C. Ministry of Environment) provided helpful comments on the manuscript. Appreciation and acknowledgements are extended to the Tobacco Plains Indian Band, especially to Band member Ralph Gravelle for his valuable input. ii Recovery Strategy for the Spalding’s Campion 2016 Executive Summary The Canadian population of Spalding’s Campion (Silene spaldingii) was assessed as Endangered in May 2005 by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), and in February 2010 the species was listed on Schedule 1 as Endangered under Canada’s Species at Risk Act (SARA). Spalding’s Campion is a perennial herb in the Caryophyllaceae family (Pinks), and is endemic to Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and southeastern British Columbia (B.C.) (Douglas and MacKinnon 1998). In its Canadian range, Spalding’s Campion is found in open to semi-open mesic (moist) grasslands and sagebrush-steppe communities dominated by bunchgrasses such as Rough Fescue (Festuca campestris). It exhibits a habitat preference for slopes less than 10%, northern aspects, and grasslands with scattered and/or encroaching conifer growth (Keefer and Kennedy 2010). In Canada, Spalding’s Campion is only known from one population in the East Kootenay region near Grasmere, B.C. The Canadian population is currently understood to have at least 1,059 individuals (Keefer and Kennedy 2010). The primary threat to Spalding’s Campion is ongoing habitat loss and degradation primarily from introduced invasive alien plants, and successional change/encroachment caused by altered fire regimes. Other threats include habitat loss due to development, damage from recreational vehicles, grazing and trampling by domestic livestock, and herbicide drift. The population and distribution objectives for Spalding’s Campion in Canada are to maintain, and where appropriate, increase the abundance of Spalding’s Campion occurrences throughout its range in Canada, including any new occurrences that are identified. Broad strategies to address threats to the survival and recovery of Spalding’s Campion are presented. This recovery strategy identifies critical habitat for the Spalding’s Campion in Canada to the extent possible, based on the best available information available at this time. Critical habitat for Spalding’s Campion in Canada is identified as the area occupied by individual plants or patches of plants that have been recorded, including the geographical uncertainty distance, plus an additional 50 meters (critical function zone) to encompass immediately adjacent areas. A schedule of studies needed to further identify critical habitat is also included, and activities likely to result in the destruction of critical habitat are described. One or more action plans for the Spalding’s Campion will be posted on the Species at Risk Public Registry by 2021. iii Recovery Strategy for the Spalding’s Campion 2016 Recovery Feasibility Summary Based on the following four criteria that Environment Canada uses to establish recovery feasibility, the recovery of Spalding’s Campion (Silene spaldingii) is considered to be technically and biologically feasible: 1. Individuals of the wildlife species that are capable of reproduction are available now or in the foreseeable future to sustain the population or improve its abundance. Yes. Plants in the Canadian population, when not dormant or in the rosette stage, are capable of reproduction, and have been observed to produce seeds. 2. Sufficient suitable habitat is available to support the species or could be made available through habitat management or restoration. Yes. Sufficient suitable habitat is available to support the species. While Spalding’s Campion requires somewhat specialized habitat, there are unoccupied areas that could be made available to additional or restored populations, with appropriate habitat management and threat mitigation. 3. The primary threats to the species or its habitat (including threats outside Canada) can be avoided or mitigated. Yes. The primary threats to the species and its habitat (spread of invasive alien plants, and successional change/encroachment caused by altered fire regimes) can be avoided or mitigated through the ecosystem restoration and management techniques described. 4. Recovery techniques exist to achieve the population and distribution objectives or can be expected to be developed within a reasonable timeframe. Yes. Recovery techniques exist