A 3D Model set by Ken Gilliland 1 Nature’s Wonders Dragonflies & Damselflies Manual Introduction 3 Overview and Use 3 Creating a Dragonfly (in Poser or DAZ Studio) 3 The InsectCam 4 Sizing and Poser Rendering Issues 4 Posing a Dragonfly or Damselfly 4 Field Guide General Information about Dragon and Damselflies 5 Dragonflies Cardinal Meadowhawk 8 Kelled Skimmer 9 Damselflies Orange-tailed Marsh Dart 10 Vivid Dancer 11 Resources, Credits and Thanks 12 Copyrighted 2017 by Ken Gilliland www.songbirdremix.com Opinions expressed on this booklet are solely that of the author, Ken Gilliland, and may or may not reflect the opinions of the publisher. 2 Nature’s Wonders Dragonflies & Damselflies Introduction Dragonflies and Damselflies are among the most ancient insects on the planet. While these insects make the top 5 in beloved bugs along with ladybugs and butterflies, dragon and damselflies are efficient and ruthless killers. Their order, Odonata, which means the “toothed one” in Greek, refers to dismembering their prey adeptly with their mandibles and eating them while still in the air. They are represented in human culture on artifacts such as pottery, rock paintings, and Art Nouveau decor. Their bright colors and agile flight are admired in the poetry of Alfred Lord Tennyson and the prose of H. E. Bates. They are used in traditional medicine in Japan and China, and caught for food in Indonesia. They are symbols of courage, strength, and happiness in Japan, but seen as sinister in European folklore. Overview and Use The set is located within the Animals : Nature’s Wonder folder. Here is where you will find a number of folders, such as Manuals, Resources and Fauna Libraries. Let's look at what is contained in these folders: o Fauna Libraries: This folder holds the actual species and poses for the "premade" fauna. The fauna for this set can be found in the following folder(s): . Insects/Damselflies of the World . Insects/Dragonflies of the World o Manuals: Contains a link to the online manual for the set. o Props: Contains any props that might be included in the set o Resources: Items in this folder are for creating and customizing your fauna included in the set . … Based Models: This folder has the blank, untextured model(s) used in this set. These models are primarily for users who wish to experiment with poses or customize their own species. When using physical renderers such as Iray and Superfly, SubD should be turned to at least “3”. For DAZ Studios 3Delight renders, the SubD must be turned from the “High Resolution” setting to the “Base” setting (otherwise some areas will render incorrectly transparent). Loading a Damselfly or Dragonfly using Poser 1. For this example, we’ll create the Scarlet Meadowhawk. 2. Load Poser, select the FIGURES library and go to the "Animals", "Nature’s Wonders" and then the Nature’s Wonders Fauna Libraries Insect folder. 3 3. Go to the Dragonflies of the World folder and select the Firefly or Superfly sub-folder. 4. Select the Scarlet Meadowhawk (or a dragonfly of your choice) and load it by clicking the mouse. Loading a Damselfly or Dragonfly in DAZ Studio 1. For this example, we’ll create the Scarlet Meadowhawk. 2. Load DAZ Studio and go to the "Animals", "Nature’s Wonders" and then the Nature’s Wonders Fauna Libraries Insects folder. 3. Go to the Dragonflies of the World folder and select the 3Delight or Iray sub-folder. 4. Select the Scarlet Meadowhawk (or a dragonfly of your choice) and load it by clicking the mouse. The InsectCam All of the dragonflies and damselfies in this set have been scaled to their appropriate sizes in relation to human figure models. In some cases, these can be very small. With that in mind, this set comes with the “InsectCam”. The InsectCam is a camera set-up to focus on the default position of the insect. With Poser, it will also change the "hither" setting from its default value of 0.800 to 0.0 to allow close focus. Sizing & Poser Issues An issue that can appear when rendering in Poser, with only a dragonfly or damselfly (no other items) in the scene, is that it will produce a default square shadow. It is a known bug within Poser. To correct this issue, include a second larger item off-screen and the shadows will render correctly. Posing the Dragonfly and Damselfly With most figure-based models the center of the model is the “hip” area. Since these insects have three sets of hips, the center of this model is the middle hip called “Thorax2”. Bending “Thorax3” will move all parts from the Thorax to the “Head” on the insect while bending “Thorax1” will move all parts from the Thorax to the tail (“Abdomen1-10” and Cerci parts). 4 General Information on Dragonflies & Damselflies Dragonflies and damselflies were some of the first winged insects to evolve, some 300 million years ago. Modern dragonflies have wingspans of only two to five inches, but fossil dragonflies have been found with wingspans of up to two feet. Some scientists theorize that high oxygen levels during the Paleozoic era allowed dragonflies to grow to monster size There are 11 families of dragonflies (3,012 known species) and 34 families of damselflies (2,942 species), all of which belong to the order Odonata, which means “toothed one” in Greek and refers to the dragonfly’s serrated teeth. How is a Dragonfly different than a Damselfly? Here are the 4 key differences: 1. Dragonflies have much larger eyes than damselflies. The eyes of the dragonfly take up most of their heads, as they wrap around from the side to the front of the face. While the eyes of a damselfly are large too, there is always a gap or space between them. 2. Dragonflies have bulkier bodies that are both shorter and thicker in appearance than Damselflies, which have a body made like the narrowest of twigs. 3. Both dragonflies and damselflies have two sets of wings, however their wings have different shapes. Dragonflies have hind wings that broaden at the base, thus making them larger than the front set of wings. Wheras in Damselflies both sets of wings are the same size and shape, and they also taper down, becoming quite narrow where they connect to the body. 4. Finally, you can spot the difference when the insects are at rest. Dragonflies hold their wings out perpendicular to their bodies, like an airplane. Damselflies fold their wings up and hold them together across the top of their backs. Larval Stage Most of a dragonfly's life is spent in the larval stage where they molt from six to fifteen times. Depending on the altitude and latitude, larval development varies from the common one or two years to as many as six years. At that time, the nymph crawls up out of the water and molts one last time, emerging from its old skin as an adult with functional wings. Damselfly larvae, known as naiads or nymphs, are almost all completely aquatic. They proceed through about a dozen moults as they grow. Unlike butterflies and beetles, dragonflies and damselflies do not have an intermediate pupal stage before becoming an adult. Because of this, Odonata are said to be hemimetabolous, or undergo an "incomplete" or "gradual" metamorphosis. In their larval stage, dragonflies and damselflies are aquatic and eat just about anything—tadpoles, mosquitoes, fish, other insect larvae and even others of their kind. Vision and Hunting Each of the dragonflies enormous compound eyes, contains 30,000 facets, which bring in information about the insect's surroundings. Dragonflies have nearly 360-degree vision, with just one blind spot directly behind them. This extraordinary vision is one reason why they're able to keep watch on a single insect within a swarm and go after it while avoiding mid-air 5 collisions with other insects in the swarm. They not only have an exceptional field of vision, but they can see the world in colors we can't even imagine. According to New Scientist: “We humans have what's known as tri-chromatic vision, which means we see colors as a combination of red, blue and green. This is thanks to three different types of light-sensitive proteins in our eyes, called opsins. We are not alone: di-, tri- and tetra-chromatic vision is de rigueur in the animal world, from mammals to birds and insects. Enter the dragonfly. A study of 12 dragonfly species has found that each one has no fewer than 11, and some a whopping 30, different visual opsins.” They are expert fliers that can fly straight up and down, hover like a helicopter and even mate in mid-air. Some species can reach a top speed of 18 miles per hour. They catch their insect prey by grabbing it with their feet in mid-air , tearing off the wings with their sharp jaws, so it can't escape, and eatting it, all without needing to land. They’re so efficient in their hunting that, in one Harvard University study, the dragonflies caught up to 95 percent of the prey released into their enclosure. The New York Times reported: “One research team has determined that the nervous system of a dragonfly displays an almost human capacity for selective attention, able to focus on a single prey as it flies amid a cloud of similarly fluttering insects, just as a guest at a party can attend to a friend's words while ignoring the background chatter. Other researchers have identified a kind of master circuit of 16 neurons that connect the dragonfly's brain to its flight motor center in the thorax.