East Africa There’s More Online about East Africa. CHAPTER 5 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • How does geography influence the way Lesson 1 people live? • Why do people trade? • Why does conflict develop? Physical Geography of East Africa Lesson 2 History and Government of East Africa Lesson 3 Life in East Africa The Story Matters… Some of Africa’s earliest kingdoms developed in East Africa, where trade in gold and ivory brought great wealth. Since ancient times, thriving trade has fostered interaction among different cultures, influencing language and religion and creating much ethnic diversity across the region. The landscape of East Africa also has great diversity—from the Serengeti Plain and the Great Rift Valley to the highlands in Ethiopia and Kilimanjaro in Kenya. Go to the Foldables® library in the back of your book to make a Foldable® that will help you take notes while reading this chapter. “Great” Things Past Affects Present Daily Life, Literacy, and Health SAMPLERTeenage girl from the East East Africa African country of Somalia Ariadne Van Zandbergen/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images Zandbergen/Lonely Ariadne Van 139 Chapter 5 East Africa Some of Africa’s important early civilizations flourished in East Africa. Many of the countries have been scarred by conflict in recent years. Step Into the Place MAP FOCUS Use the map to answer the following questions. 1 THE GEOGRAPHER’S WORLD Which three East African countries A share Lake Victoria? INACTIVE VOLCANO Snowcapped Kilimanjaro looms over 2 PLACES AND REGIONS What is the savanna plains near the border of Tanzania and Kenya. The capital city of Kenya? mountain is made up of three volcanic cones, all inactive. 3 THE GEOGRAPHER’S WORLD The Tekeze is a major river in what country? 4 CRITICAL THINKING Integrating Visual Information What country is cut off from the sea by Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somalia? B WAR-TORN CITY Ruined buildings line an Indian Ocean beach in Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia. Since the early 1990s, various armed groups have fought over Somalia. Step Into the Time 800 b.c. Kingdom of Kush develops TIME LINE Using at least along the Nile River two events on the time line, write a paragraph describing a.d. 400 Kingdom of how trade influenced the Aksum prospers from trade developmentSAMPLER of East Africa. b.c. a.d. 30,000–20,000 b.c. Ancient people 1100s Muslim settlements live in what is now Sudan multiply in East Africa (t to b)©Fridmar Damm/Corbis; John Moore/Getty Images; Patrick Syder/ 140 Chapter 5 Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images There’s More Online! EAST AFRICA TROPIC OF CANCER NORTH AFRICA . R ASIA e l i N 20°N Red Sea A tb N SUDAN a ra R Omdurman . W ERITREA E Khartoum B Asmara l u DJIBOUTI S e Te k N e n z e i e d l e A R f o R . lf . Gu Lake Djibouti National capital Tana City 10°N Dire Dawa Hargeysa W h . Addis Ababa i R t e SOUTH o N i m SUDAN le O ETHIOPIA R . Sh ab e e SOMALIA l CENTRAL Juba e R . AFRICA J Lake u b Lake UGANDA Turkana b a Mogadishu Albert R Kampala KENYA . EQUATOR 0° T a Lake n a RWANDA VIctoria Nairobi R . Kigali B INDIAN Bujumbura A Mombasa OCEAN BURUNDI TANZANIA 0 500 miles Lake Dodoma Dar es Salaam 0 500 kilometers Tanganyika Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection 10°S Lake SOUTH Malawi 20°E AFRICA 30°E 40°E 50°E 1896 1961 Ethiopian troops Tanganyika becomes defeat Italian troops independent; changes at Battle of Adwa name to Tanzania in 1964 McGraw Hill Discovering World Geography Chapter 20 Price Category: Medium New Map Title: Chapter Opener: East Africa 1800 1900 2000 File Name: C20_000A_663604 SAMPLER Map Size: Chapter Opener 1400s Arab conquests bring Islam 1800s Swahili language 1880s Germany, Britain, and 2000s Civil war in Darfur region of First Proof: August 24, 2012 to the area of present-day Sudan spreads inland France take control of the region Sudan kills hundreds of thousands Second Proof: Sept 18, 2012 Final File: October 6, 2012 2018 Font Conversions (l)Jon Bower- art and museums/Alamy Stock Photo; (r)Ulrich Doering/Alamy Stock Photo Chapter 5 141 First Proof: April 15, 2016 Final File: April 22, 2016 Academic Vocabulary There’s More Online! consist to be made up of IMAGES Glaciers in East Africa MAP Desertification of the Sahel SLIDE SHOW The Nile River’s Source Lesson 1 VIDEO Physical Geography Reading HELPDESK of East Africa Academic Vocabulary ESSENTIAL QUESTION • How does geography influence the • consist way people live? Content Vocabulary • rift IT MATTERS BECAUSE • desertification East Africa offers a rugged, beautiful landscape and • hydroelectric power different climates. The region provides variety, potential, • geothermal energy and considerable challenges for economic development. TAKING NOTES: Key Ideas and Details Land and Water Features Identifying As you study the GUIDING QUESTION What makes the ecosystem of East Africa diverse? lesson, use a web diagram like this one to list information about The region of East Africa consists of 11 countries. Sudan and the land and water features of South Sudan dominate the northern part of the region. the region. Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, and Ethiopia are located in the northeast. This area is called the Horn of Africa because it is Land and Water a horn-shaped peninsula that juts out into the Arabian Sea. Features Three countries occupy the central and southern parts of the Landforms Water region: Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Finally, in the western sector lie the landlocked countries of Rwanda and Burundi. East Africa offers a rugged, beautiful landscape that has great variety. Landforms The Great Rift Valley is the most unusual feature of East Africa’s physical geography. Sometimes it is called the Great Rift system because it is not one single valley. Rather, it is a series of large valleys and depressions in Earth’s surface. These are formed by long chains of geological faults. The Great Rift started forming about 20 million years ago when tectonic plates began to tear apart from one another. Africa was once connected to the Arabian Peninsula. SAMPLERBut as the two rifted apart, or separated from one another, the land in between sank and was filled by the Red Sea. Photos; Photo; Bruno Zanzottera/Parallelozero/Aurora Photography/Alamy Stock Photo; ©Michael Freeman/Corbis; ©John Warburton-Lee (l to r)©Hemis/Alamy Stock ©Nigel Pavitt/JAI/Corbis 142 Eventually, all of East Africa will separate from the rest of Africa, Academic Vocabulary and the Red Sea will fill the rift. consist to be made up of The Great Rift system’s northern end is in Jordan in Southwest Asia. From Jordan, it stretches about 4,000 miles (6,437 km) to its southern end in Mozambique in southeastern Africa. The rift has an average width of 30 miles to 40 miles (48 km to 64 km). The rift system has an eastern and western branch in East Africa. The eastern Rift Valley—the main branch—runs from Southwest Asia along the Jordan River, Dead Sea, and Red Sea. It continues through the Danakil plain in Ethiopia. It is one of the hottest and driest places on Earth, and earthquakes and volcanic activity occur here regularly. Long, deep cracks develop in Earth’s surface as the tectonic plates rift apart. As the eastern Rift Valley continues south from the Danakil plain, the conditions are not as severe. It takes the form of deep valleys as it extends into Kenya and Tanzania, and down to Mozambique. The shorter western Rift Valley stretches from Lake Malawi in the south through Uganda in the north through a series of IT MATTERS BECAUSE valleys. A chain of deep lakes that includes Lake Tanganyika, Lake East Africa offers a rugged, beautiful landscape and Edward, and Lake Albert marks the western rift’s northward path. different climates. The region provides variety, potential, Along the branches of the Great Rift Valley, much volcanic and This aerial view shows a and considerable challenges for economic development. seismic activity occurred. The largest volcanoes are located on the section of the floor of the eastern Rift Valley in Kenya. eastern Rift. These include Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro. Many fault lines appear in the Kilimanjaro is on the border between Kenya and Tanzania. With a valley. Hardened lava from Land and Water Features summit of 19,341 feet (5,895 m), Kilimanjaro is the tallest mountain volcanoes and openings in GUIDING QUESTION What makes the ecosystem of East Africa diverse? in Africa. Its summit is covered with snow year-round, even though the ground also mark the the mountain is near the Equator. landscape. The region of East Africa consists of 11 countries. Sudan and CRITICAL THINKING South Sudan dominate the northern part of the region. Sudan is home to vast plains and plateaus. The northern part of Describing How will East Africa Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, and Ethiopia are located in the the country is desert covered in sand or gravel. Somalia lies in the eventually be affected by the northeast. This area is called the Horn of Africa because it is Photo ©Hemis/Alamy Stock eastern part of the region, along the Indian Ocean. Rift’s tectonic plate activity? a horn-shaped peninsula that juts out into the Arabian Sea. Three countries occupy the central and southern parts of the region: Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Finally, in the western sector lie the landlocked countries of Rwanda and Burundi. East Africa offers a rugged, beautiful landscape that has great variety.