INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ RIGHTS EMERGENCE AND APPLICATION This diverse collection of essays and articles emerged from a workshop IN INTERNATIONAL LAW held in Oslo in March 2012, hosted by the Norwegian Center for Human Rights and the University of Oslo. The purpose of the workshop was to gather memories of how the international community had decided to exa- mine the situation of Indigenous peoples, to explore, explain and celebrate their pioneering work within the United Nations and the International La- bour Organization. The participants also examined the impact of that work and were further asked to identify desirable future developments. EMERGENCE AND APPLICATION The workshop and now this volume have brought together unique hi- storical and political perspectives of the same events from a variety of dif- ferent viewpoints. Participants were drawn from Indigenous communities, from the United Nations and the ILO, from national governments and from NGOs, all of whom had been involved in these discussions over the years – some since the very beginning. Among the participants in the workshop was Asbjørn Eide, the fou- nding Chairperson of the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations (WGIP), and this book is dedicated to him on the occasion of his 80th birthday. Cover design by Holly Nordlum, Iñupiaq Artist RESOURCE CENTRE FOR THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES EMERGENCE AND APPLICATION A book in honor of Asbjørn Eide at eighty INTERNATIONAL LAW: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL WORK GROUP FOR INDIGENOUS AFFAIRS Edited by Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, Dalee Sambo Dorough, Gudmundur Alfredsson, Lee Swepston and Petter Wille 61 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: EMERGENCE AND APPLICATION INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: EMERGENCE AND APPLICATION Book in Honor of Asbjørn Eide at Eighty Edited by Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, Dalee Sambo Dorough, Gudmundur Alfredsson, Lee Swepston, and Petter Wille Kautokeino & Copenhagen – 2015 Gáldu Čála 2/2015 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: EMERGENCE AND APPLICATION Editors: Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, Dalee Sambo Dorough, Gudmundur Alfredsson, Lee Swepston, and Petter Wille Cover design: Holly Nordlum Layout and typesetting: Jorge Monrás Proof reading: Elaine Bolton Repress and Print: Eks-Skolen Trykkeri, Copenhagen, Denmark ISBN: 978-82-8144-083-8 Reference to Series: Gáldu Čála 2/2015 Date of publication: January 2015 Place of publication: Kautokeino & Copenhagen Publisher: Gáldu & IWGIA Distributors: The title is available from Gáldu www.galdu.org & IWGIA www.iwgia.org Language: English Pages: 527 Bibliography: yes Index terms: Indigenous Peoples/Human Right/International processes Geographical area: World © The authors, Gáldu and IWGIA 2015 – All Rights Reserved Disclaimer: The articles reflect the authors’ own views and opinions and not necessarily those of the editors or publishers of this book. This book has been produced with financial support from the Danish Ministry of Foreing Affairs (DANIDA ) and The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD). The reproduction and distribution of information contained in this book is welcome as long as the source is cited. However, the translation of this book or its parts, as well as the reproduction of the book is not allowed without the consent of the copyright holders. RESOURCE CENTRE FOR THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Hánnoluohkká 45, N-9520 Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino, Norway Tel: (+47) 78 44 84 00 E-mail: [email protected] – Web: www.galdu.org INTERNATIONAL WORK GROUP FOR INDIGENOUS AFFAIRS Classensgade 11 E, DK 2100 - Copenhagen, Denmark Tel: (45) 35 27 05 00 - Fax: (45) 35 27 05 07 E-mail: [email protected] – Web: www.iwgia.org CONTENTS Introductory Remarks Introduction ...................................................................................................... 10 Comments on Agenda Items at the Oslo Conference on Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Wilton Littlechild ......................................................................................... 18 A Few Introductory Words Erica-Irene Daes ........................................................................................ 24 The Indigenous Movement 1. Old Woman Bear sitting next to the Creator: A Short Story of Decolonization Efforts Sharon Venne ................................................................................. 28 2. 1977 and the Participation of Indigenous Peoples in the United Nations and the International Arena Nilo Cayuqueo ................................................................................. 38 3. The First Ten Years, from Study to Working Group, 1972-1982 Roxanne Dunbar Ortiz .................................................................... 42 4. The Inner Struggle of Indigenous Peoples Russel Lawrence Barsh .................................................................. 88 The UN Working Group and the Drafting of a Declaration 5. From Prevention of Discrimination to Autonomy and Self-Determination: The Start of the WGIP, Achievements Gained and Future Challenges Asbjørn Eide .................................................................................... 98 6. Working Paper on the Relationship and Distinction between the Rights of Persons belonging to Minorities and those of Indigenous Peoples Asbjørn Eide .................................................................................. 122 7. Working Paper on the Relationship and Distinction between the Rights of Persons belonging to Minorities and those of Indigenous Peoples Erica-Irene Daes ........................................................................... 130 8. Oslo Conference Remarks and Personal Account Dalee Sambo Dorough .................................................................. 136 9. Consistent Advocacy: Treaty Rights and the UN Declaration Wilton Littlechild ............................................................................ 150 10. Representing Australia Ruth Pearce .................................................................................. 162 11. The Drafting Process and Adoption of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Petter F. Wille ................................................................................ 166 12. Walking the Talk? Including Indigenous Peoples’ Issues in Intergovernmental Organizations Elsa Stamatopoulou ...................................................................... 172 13. Working Group on Indigenous Populations 1985-91 Gudmundur Alfredsson ................................................................. 200 14. Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights: A View from the Podium Julian Burger ................................................................................. 208 15. Remembering Miguel Alfonso Martínez Isabelle Schulte-Tenckhoff ............................................................ 218 The ILO Convention - Drafting and Adoption 16. Development of the ILO Conventions Lee Swepston ............................................................................... 226 17. The Revision of International Labour Organization Convention No. 107: A Subjective Assessment Dalee Sambo Dorough ...................................................................250 18. The Drafting of ILO Convention 169: Some Perspectives from a Governmental Side Petter F. Wille .................................................................................278 19. The Sami Airforce Hans Jakob Helms .........................................................................280 20. Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in Norway and the International Indigenous Movement Ole Henrik Magga ..........................................................................296 UN and ILO Monitoring 21. Being a Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Rodolfo Stavenhagen .....................................................................306 22. United Nations Human Rights Treaty Bodies and Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Pei-Lun Tsai and Michael O’Flaherty .............................................324 23. Supervision of ILO Standards and Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Lee Swepston ................................................................................336 Countries and Regions 24. The Unforeseen Consequences of Ratification: Norway and ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Anne Julie Semb ............................................................................350 25. The Future of Indigenous Rights in Africa: Debating Inclusiveness and Empowerment of Collective Identities Felix Mukwiza Ndahinda ...............................................................370 26. International Law Cannot Protect the African Environment Michelo Hansungule .......................................................................392 27. The Chinese Dilemma: Institutionalizing Peoples’ Rights in the Nation-Party-State Building Process Zhou Yong .....................................................................................420 28. Seeing and Not Seeing the Communal Authority: Indigenous Law and State Law in Guatemala Stener Ekern ..................................................................................446 Other Intergovernmental Activity 29. The Counter-Hegemonic Origins and Potential of Human Rights: The Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the World Bank as a Case Study Camilo Pérez-Bustillo .................................................................... 470 30. The Stars in Rio Hans Jakob Helms ................................................................