Socio-Economic Baseline Studies in Selected Wildlife Management Areas under the Financial Crisis Initiative/Cash-for-Work Program MBOMIPA WMA Report A zebra grazing in MBOMIPA WMA HEALTH & DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL CONSULTANTS Associates in Professional Public Health and Development Consulting 2ND FLOOR NAKIETE HOUSE, ALI HASSAN MWINYI ROAD P.O. BOX 33335 ,TEL: +255 22 27728 16 , FAX:+255 22 27728 14 DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA Final Report, October 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. ii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF PLATES ...................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................... ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................. x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION AND THE SETTING OF THE STUDY ...................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction and the Background ................................................................................... 1 1.2 Wildlife Policies and the Evolution of Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) and Community-Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM) .......................................... 1 1.3 The genesis of WMA and Institutional legal Framework in Tanzania ...................... 2 1.4 The Profile of Iringa Rural District .................................................................................. 5 1.5 Climate ............................................................................................................................... 5 1.6 Major economic activities ................................................................................................ 6 1.6.1 Agriculture ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.6.2 Livestock Keeping ........................................................................................................ 6 1.6.3 Trading ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.7 Natural Resources ........................................................................................................... 6 1.7.1 Forests ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.7.2 Wildlife ......................................................................................................................... 7 1.7.3 Fisheries ........................................................................................................................ 7 1.8 Social services .................................................................................................................. 8 1.8.1 Education .................................................................................................................. 8 1.8.2 Water supply ............................................................................................................ 8 1.8.3 Health services ......................................................................................................... 8 1.8.4 Infrastructure ............................................................................................................ 9 1.9 The Profile of MBOMIPA ................................................................................................. 9 1.9.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 9 1.9.2 Organizational structure of MBOMIPA ............................................................. 10 1.9.3 Objectives of MBOMIPA ....................................................................................... 11 1.9.4 Major activities ....................................................................................................... 12 1.9.5 Socio-economic gains............................................................................................. 12 1.9.6 Other Achievements .............................................................................................. 12 1.9.7 Problems and challenges facing MBOMIPA ...................................................... 13 1.9.8 Strategic plan to improve MBOMIPA ................................................................. 13 1.9.9 Criteria for identification of potential poachers ................................................ 13 1.10 Ruaha National Park ...................................................................................................... 14 ii CHAPTER TWO ......................................................................................................................... 15 THE TERMS OF REFERENCE, APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ............................ 15 2.1 Objectives of the Baseline Survey and Scope of Work ............................................ 15 2.2 Area of the study ............................................................................................................ 16 2.3 Study Design and Methodology ................................................................................... 16 2.3.1 Study population, sampling size and strategy .................................................. 16 2.3.2 Methods of data collection .................................................................................... 19 2.3.2.1 Documentary and Library ........................................................................................ 19 2.3.2.2 A quick-scan of income generating activities at village level .............................. 20 2.3.2.3 Administration of a social survey ............................................................................ 20 2.3.2.4 Administration of In-Depth Interviews .................................................................. 21 2.3.2.5 Administration of Focus Group Discussion ........................................................... 22 2.3.2.6 Non-Participant Ethnographic Observation and Assessment ............................ 23 2.3.2.7 Data processing, analysis, quality control and assurance .................................... 23 CHAPTER THREE ..................................................................................................................... 24 SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND ECONOMIC STATUS .................. 24 3.1 Population Characteristics and Social Relationships ............................................... 24 3.1.1 Population Characteristics .................................................................................... 24 3.1.1.1 Household Headship ................................................................................................. 24 3.1.1.2 Residence in Current Villages. ................................................................................. 25 3.1.1.3 Households’ marital status ....................................................................................... 26 3.1.1.4 Age of respondents .................................................................................................... 27 3.1.1.5 Households education level ..................................................................................... 28 3.1.1.6 Households level of education by sex ..................................................................... 30 3.1.2 Social Relationships ............................................................................................... 30 3.1.2.1 Gender issues .............................................................................................................. 30 3.1.2.2 Ethnicity ...................................................................................................................... 31 3.1.2.3 Religious beliefs.......................................................................................................... 32 3.1.3 People’s Socio-Economic Status ........................................................................... 32 3.1.3.1 People’s Living Standards and Conditions ............................................................ 32 3.1.3.2 Socio-economic dimensions ..................................................................................... 35 3.1.3.3 Households’ distribution of toilets .......................................................................... 35 3.1.3.4 Household’s ownership of disposable assets ........................................................ 37 3.1.3.5 Ownership of other physical assets ......................................................................... 38 3.1.3.6 Households’ sources of drinking water and energy by sex ................................. 38 3.2 Main Economic Activities Existing in the WMA ......................................................... 39 3.2.1 Agriculture