1 Comparing Musical Expression in Teresa Millanollo’s “Grand Fantaisie Elegiaque” Opus 1 with Niccolo Paganini’s Compositions A Document proposal submitted to the Graduate School Of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Musical Arts in the Performance Studies Division of the College-Conservatory of Music Violin December 2020 by Jeeyoung Park B.M., Sookmyeong Women’s University, Korea 2013 M.M., University of Cincinnati, College-Conservatory of Music, 2016 Committee Chairs: Won-Bin Yim, D.M.A. 2 Abstract Teresa Milanollo (1827-1904) was an Italian violinist and composer. Milanollo was exceptionally talented enough to be on par with the demonic Niccolo Paganini. She rivaled Paganini, who was known to be the best virtuoso violinist of his time, both in artistic and financial success. She was a pioneer in the world of female violinists, but unfortunately despite her accomplishments and talent, she has been greatly forgotten today. I will discuss is "Grande Fantaisie Elegiaque” no.1 written in 1853 in memory of Maria who is her younger sister. There are many technical and musical similarities between Milanollo’s piece op.1 and Paganini’s works. These similarities were especially noticeable with his first violin concerto and 24 Caprices which are both arguably some of the most challenging pieces for violinists. Paganini and Milanollo pursued to extend their techniques and musical expressions in a way that most people did not do during this period in time. However, only Paganini’s compositions are performed today. This document will focus on comparing technical and musical similarities of Milanollo’s op.1 and Paganini’s works to prove the value of her music and to rediscover it. 3 4 Table of Contents List of illustration List of musical examples List of figures Abstract Chapter I. Introduction A. Teresa Milanollo B. Paganini's success and fame. C. Nineteenth-century historical background in Women. D. Introduction to Milanollo’s Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op. 1 Chapter II. Musical analysis comparing Milanollo’s Op.1 and Paganini's compositions A. Lyrical ‘bel canto’ part – detache, legato B. Introduction of tutti C. Sudden cadenza without meter with minimized accompany parts Chapter III. Technical analysis A. Bow technique 1. Off-string bow stroke - spicatto 2. Flying staccato (slur staccato) 3. Legato bowing B. Left-hand technique 1. Playing on the G string 2. Double and Triple stops 3. Triple stops, Chords 4. Flageolet 5. Trills in double-stops Chapter IV. Conclusion Bibliography 5 List of illustration Chapter I Illustration. 1. Les soeurs Milanollo, Paganini et Ernst (1845) List of musical examples Chapter II. A. Lyrical ‘bel canto’ part – detache, legato Example 2.1. Niccolò Paganini Violin Concerto No.1, Op. 6, first movement, mm.143-164. Example 2.2. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, first movement, mm. 79- 115, solo violin. Example 2.3. Niccolò Paganini Sonata No.6, Op.3, first movement mm.1-22, for solo violin and guitar. Example 2.4. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, first movement, mm.28- 60. Chapter II. B. Introduction of tutti Example 2.5. Niccolò Paganini Violin Concerto No.1, Op.6, first movement, mm.1-9, Orchestral Introduction. Example 2.6. Niccolò Paganini Violin Concerto No.1, Op.6, first movement, mm.43-54, Orchestral Introduction. (Piano version) Example 2.7. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, first movement, Piano Introduction, mm. 79-115. Chapter II. C. Sudden Cadenza without meter with minimized accompany parts Example 2.8. Niccolò Paganini Violin Concerto No.1, Op.6, first movement, mm.236-237, solo violin and Orchestral part (Piano version) Example 2.9. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, first movement, mm.96- 98. Solo violin and Piano 6 Chapter III. A.1. Off-string bow stroke – spiccato Example 3.1. Niccolò Paganini 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op.1, No.5, Agitato Example 3.2. Niccolò Paganini Violin Concerto No.1, Op.6, third movement, mm 145-156. Example 3.3. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, fourth movement, Finale, mm. 35-52. Chapter III. A.2. Flying staccato (slur staccato) Example. 3.4. Niccolò Paganini Violin Concerto No.1, Op.6, third movement, mm. 157-168. Example. 3.5. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, second movement, first variation mm.25-37. Chapter III. A.3. Legato bowing Example. 3.6. Niccolò Paganini 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op.1, No.6 mm. 1-4 Example. 3.7. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, first movement, Allegro moderato, mm.96-98. Example. 3.8. Niccolò Paganini 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op.1, No.5, Introduction Example. 3.9. Niccolò Paganini 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op.1, No.5, Introduction Example. 3.10. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, second movement, first variation, mm.17. Example. 3.11. Niccolò Paganini Violin Concerto No.1, Op.6, third movement, mm.270-347. Example. 3.12. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, first movement, Allegro moderato mm.95-96. Chapter III. B.1. Playing on the G-string Example. 3.13. Paganini Mosè-fantasia for Violin and Piano, MS 23, variation III, Ending, solo violin. 7 Example. 3.14. Niccolò Paganini Violin Concerto No.1, Op.6, first movement, mm.314-327. Example. 3.15. Niccolò Paganini 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op.1, No. 18, Corrente, mm.1- 13. Example. 3.16. Niccolò Paganini 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op.1, No. 19, mm. 27-34. Example. 3.17. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, first movement, Introduction, mm.19-23. Example. 3.18. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, first movement, Allegro moderato mm.79-89. Example. 3.19. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, second movement, Allegretto grazioso, mm.7-21 Example. 3.20. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, third movement, Variation I, mm. 14-17. Chapter III. B.2. Double and Triple-stops Example. 3.21. Niccolò Paganini Violin Concerto No.1, Op.6, fisrt movement, mm. 111-115. Example. 3.22. Niccolò Paganini 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op.1, No. 18, Allegro. Example. 3.23. Niccolò Paganini 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op.1, No. 8, mm.45-53. Example. 3.24. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, second movement, Variation I, mm.26 Example. 3.25. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, second movement, Variation II, mm.9-12. Example. 3.26. Niccolò Paganini 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op.1, No.24, Variation 3. Example. 3.27. Niccolò Paganini 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op.1, No.7, mm.1-14. Example.3.28. Niccolò Paganini 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op.1, No. 17, mm 26-39. Example. 3.29. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, third movement, mm.39-77. 8 Example.3.30. Niccolò Paganini 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op.1, No.13, mm. 19-27 Example.3.31. Niccolò Paganini Violin Concerto No.1, Op.6, in D major, third movement, mm.77-88 Example.3.32. Niccolò Paganini Il carnevale di Venezia, Op.10, 19th variation, violin solo Example. 3.33. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, second movement, Poco vivo, mm.3-9. Example. 3.34. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, second movement, Poco vivo, mm.20-25. Example. 3.35. Niccolò Paganini 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op.1, No.24, Variation VI, mm.1-12. Example. 3.36. Niccolò Paganini Violin Concerto No.1, Op.6, in D major, first movement, mm.268-275. Example.3.37. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, second movement, Variation II, mm. 14-15. Chapter III. B.3. Triple stops, Chord Example. 3.38. Niccolò Paganini 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op.1, No.14, Moderato, mm.1- 23. Example. 3.39. Niccolò Paganini 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op.1, No.24, Variation, VIII, mm.1-12. Example.3.40. Henri Vieuxtemps, Violin Concerto No.4, Op.31, D major, fifth movement – Final Example.3.41. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, first movement, Allegro moderato, mm.61-72. Example.3.42. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, first movement, Introduction, mm.1-22. Example.3.43. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, second movement, 9 Variation II, Poco lento, mm.1-30. Example. 3.44. Niccolò Paganini 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op.1, No.4, mm.84 Example. 3.45. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, second movement, Variation II, Poco lento, mm.69. Example. 3.46. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, fourth movement, finale, Allegro agitato, mm.68-88. Example. 3.47. Niccolò Paganini Violin Concerto No.1, Op.6, in D major, first movement, mm.180-190. Example.3.48. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, fourth movement, finale, mm.53-55. Chapter III. B.4. Flageolet Example. 3.49. Niccolò Paganini Violin Concerto No.1, Op.6, in D major, first movement, mm. 191-194. Example. 3.50. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, second movement, Variation II, Poco lento, mm.1-12. Chapter III. B.5. Trills in double-stops Example. 3.51. Niccolò Paganini Violin Concerto No.6, Adagio, mm.1-7. Example.3.52. Giuseppe Tartini, Violin Sonata in Gminor, B.g5 'Le trille du diable', Fritz Kreisler’s Cadenza. Exmaple.3.53. Teresa Milanollo, Grande Fantaisie Elégiaque, Op.1, first movement, mm.96- 98, Cadenza a piacere. 10 Chapter I. Introduction A. Teresa Milanollo Teresa Milanollo (1827-1904) was an Italian violinist and composer in Savigliano, Italy.