Inferring Atmospheric Characteristics From Transiting Exoplanets Jean-Michel Désert Caltech - Sagan Fellow Sagan Summer School, July 26th 2012 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Inferring Atmospheric Characteristics From Transiting Exoplanets Image credit: THIERRY LEGAULT Jean-Michel Désert Caltech - Sagan Fellow Sagan Summer School, July 26th 2012 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Inferring Atmospheric Characteristics From Transiting Exoplanets Image credit: THIERRY LEGAULT Jean-Michel Désert Caltech - Sagan Fellow Sagan Summer School, July 26th 2012 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 I) From Transits (Eclipses) Depths to Atmospheric Signals II) Pushing Observational Limits III) New Frontiers for Atmospheric Studies 4 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Atmospheric Structure jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Atmospheric Structure [Adapted from Fortney 2008] jeudi 26 juillet 2012 HD209458b: 12 years of transits ★ First transit: 2 -2 (Rp /R* ) ~ 10 [ Charbonneau et al. 2000] ~ 1.6% [ Henry et al. 2000] 1.27±0.02 Rjup Updated from Winn et al. (2008) 7 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 HD209458b: 12 years of transits ★ First transit: 2 -2 (Rp /R* ) ~ 10 [ Charbonneau et al. 2000] ~ 1.6% [ Henry et al. 2000] 1.27±0.02 Rjup Updated from Winn et al. (2008) 7 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 HD209458b: 12 years of transits ★ First transit: 2 -2 (Rp /R* ) ~ 10 [ Charbonneau et al. 2000] ~ 1.6% [ Henry et al. 2000] 1.27±0.02 Rjup ★ First atmosphere: 2 -4 (atm /R* ) ~ 10 NaI 0.0232 ± 0.0057 % [ Charbonneau et al. 2002] Updated from Winn et al. (2008) 7 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 HD209458b: 12 years of transits ★ First transit: 2 -2 (Rp /R* ) ~ 10 [ Charbonneau et al. 2000] ~ 1.6% [ Henry et al. 2000] 1.27±0.02 Rjup ★ First atmosphere: 2 -4 (atm /R* ) ~ 10 NaI 0.0232 ± 0.0057 % [ Charbonneau et al. 2002] ★ Exosphere H ~ 15 ± 4% [ Vidal-Madjar et al. 2003] Updated from Winn et al. (2008) 7 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 HD209458b: 12 years of transits ★ First transit: 2 -2 (Rp /R* ) ~ 10 [ Charbonneau et al. 2000] ~ 1.6% [ Henry et al. 2000] 1.27±0.02 Rjup ★ First atmosphere: 2 -4 (atm /R* ) ~ 10 NaI 0.0232 ± 0.0057 % [ Charbonneau et al. 2002] ★ Exosphere H ~ 15 ± 4% [ Vidal-Madjar et al. 2003] ★ First direct lights: 2 -3 Tp /T*(Rp /R* ) ~ 10 TB (24 µm)~ 1130 ± 150 K [ Deming et al. 2005] Updated from Winn et al. (2008) 7 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 HD209458b: 12 years of transits ★ First transit: 2 -2 (Rp /R* ) ~ 10 [ Charbonneau et al. 2000] ~ 1.6% [ Henry et al. 2000] 1.27±0.02 Rjup Updated from Winn et al. (2008) 8 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 HD209458b: 12 years of transits ★ First transit: 2 -2 (Rp /R* ) ~ 10 [ Charbonneau et al. 2000] ~ 1.6% [ Henry et al. 2000] 1.27±0.02 Rjup Updated from Winn et al. (2008) 8 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 HD209458b: 12 years of transits ★ First transit: 2 -2 (Rp /R* ) ~ 10 [ Charbonneau et al. 2000] ~ 1.6% [ Henry et al. 2000] 1.27±0.02 Rjup ★ First atmosphere: 2 -4 (atm /R* ) ~ 10 NaI 0.0232 ± 0.0057 % [ Charbonneau et al. 2002] Updated from Winn et al. (2008) 8 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 HD209458b: 12 years of transits ★ First transit: 2 -2 (Rp /R* ) ~ 10 [ Charbonneau et al. 2000] ~ 1.6% [ Henry et al. 2000] 1.27±0.02 Rjup ★ First atmosphere: 2 -4 (atm /R* ) ~ 10 NaI 0.0232 ± 0.0057 % [ Charbonneau et al. 2002] ★ Exosphere H ~ 15 ± 4% [ Vidal-Madjar et al. 2003] Updated from Winn et al. (2008) 8 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 HD209458b: 12 years of transits ★ First transit: 2 -2 (Rp /R* ) ~ 10 [ Charbonneau et al. 2000] ~ 1.6% [ Henry et al. 2000] 1.27±0.02 Rjup ★ First atmosphere: 2 -4 (atm /R* ) ~ 10 NaI 0.0232 ± 0.0057 % [ Charbonneau et al. 2002] ★ Exosphere H ~ 15 ± 4% [ Vidal-Madjar et al. 2003] ★ First direct lights: 2 -3 Tp /T*(Rp /R* ) ~ 10 TB (24 µm)~ 1130 ± 150 K [ Deming et al. 2005] Updated from Winn et al. (2008) 8 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Probing Transiting Exoplanet Atmospheres Reflected: Emitted: Transmitted: jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Probing Transiting Exoplanet Atmospheres Reflected: Emitted: Hot-Jupiters Transmitted: - Albedo, Temperature - Thermal profile - Composition - Dynamics jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy ΔF/F= (Fout – Fin) / Fout Transit depth 2 ΔF/F= (Rp /R* ) b = a/R cosi * jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy ΔF/F= (Fout – Fin) / Fout Transit depth 2 ΔF/F= (Rp /R* ) Rp = Rc + zatm b = a/R cosi * jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy ΔF/F= (Fout – Fin) / Fout Transit depth 2 ΔF/F= (Rp /R* ) Rp = Rc + zatm RJup ~1 % ~0.01 % b = a/R cosi R ~0.01 % ~10-5 * ⊕ jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy ΔF/F= (Fout – Fin) / Fout Transit depth 2 ΔF/F= (Rp /R* ) Rp(λ) = Rc + zatm(λ) RJup ~1 % ~0.01 % b = a/R cosi R ~0.01 % ~10-5 * ⊕ jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy ΔF/F= (Fout – Fin) / Fout Transit depth 2 ΔF/F= (Rp /R* ) Rp(λ) = Rc + zatm(λ) R ~1 % ~0.01 % ΔF/F(λ)=> λ Jup Rp( ) -5 b = a/R cosi R ~0.01 % ~10 * ⊕ jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy ΔF/F= (Fout – Fin) / Fout Transit depth 2 ΔF/F= (Rp /R* ) Rp(λ) = Rc + zatm(λ) R ~1 % ~0.01 % ΔF/F(λ)=> λ Jup Rp( ) -5 b = a/R cosi R ~0.01 % ~10 * ⊕ Berta et al. (2011) jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy -τ I0 I=I0e 12 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy Lecavelier et al. (2008) 13 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy z(λ) Lecavelier et al. (2008) 13 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy z(λ) Lecavelier et al. (2008) 13 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy z(λ) Scale Height H(z) = kT(z)/μg Lecavelier et al. (2008) 13 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy z(λ) Scale Height H(z) = kT(z)/μg Hydrostatic equilibrium: Lecavelier et al. (2008) 13 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy z(λ) Scale Height H(z) = kT(z)/μg Hydrostatic equilibrium: What do we measure? Lecavelier et al. (2008) 13 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy z(λ) Scale Height H(z) = kT(z)/μg Hydrostatic equilibrium: What do we measure? (λ) Lecavelier et al. (2008) 13 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy z(λ) Scale Height H(z) = kT(z)/μg Hydrostatic equilibrium: What do we measure? (λ) => ∆Rp = H ∆ln(σ) Lecavelier et al. (2008) 13 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy z(λ) Scale Height H(z) = kT(z)/μg Hydrostatic equilibrium: What do we measure? (λ) => ∆Rp = H ∆ln(σ) To remember: Lecavelier et al. (2008) Rpl(λ) => f(P , T, n) 13 ∆Rpl(λ) => T jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transiting Exoplanets 10 ( ) 1 Planet Radius Radius Planet 0.01 0.1 1 Semi-major axis (AU) 14 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Emission Measurements (IR) 10 ( ) 1 Planet Radius Radius Planet 0.01 0.1 1 Semi-major axis (AU) jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Measurements (XEUV -> IR) 10 ( ) 1 Planet Radius Radius Planet 0.01 0.1 1 Semi-major axis (AU) 16 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Hot-Jupiters Survey Transmission Spectroscopy Space-based Surveys: HST-WFC3 13 Hot-Jupiters (PI: D. Deming) 10 ( ) HST-STIS 13 Hot-Jupiters (PI: D. Sing) 1 Planet Radius Radius Planet 0.01 0.1 1 Semi-major axis (AU) 17 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Hot-Jupiters Survey Transmission Spectroscopy Space-based Surveys: HST-WFC3 13 Hot-Jupiters (PI: D. Deming) 10 ( ) HST-STIS 13 Hot-Jupiters (PI: D. Sing) Ground-based Surveys: 1 Planet Radius Radius Planet NIR: Magellan (PI: JM Désert / J. Bean) 0.01 0.1 1 Semi-majorOptical: axis Gemini (AU) (PI: JM Désert) 18 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Measurements (XEUV -> IR) 10 ( ) 1 Planet Radius Radius Planet 0.01 0.1 1 Semi-major axis (AU) 19 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 M-dwarfs Opportunity 10 ( ) 1 Planet Radius Radius Planet 0.01 0.1 1 Semi-major axis (AU) 20 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 GJ-1214b GJ-1214b Charbonneau et al. (2009) +/-0.13 2.7 REarth +/-0.93 6.5 MEarth 10 560 K ( ) 1 Planet Radius Radius Planet 0.01 0.1 1 Semi-major axis (AU) 21 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy of GJ1214b Désert et al. (2011) CH4 I Models By E. Kempton : Bean et al. (2010) jeudi 26 juillet 2012 GJ1214b: Distinguishing H-rich/H-poor atmospheres Désert et al. (2011) CH4 I Models By E. Kempton : Large H Bean et al. (2010) Small H jeudi 26 juillet 2012 GJ1214b: Distinguishing H-rich/H-poor atmospheres Désert et al. (2011) CH4 I Models By E. Kempton : Large H Bean et al. (2010) Rogers & Seager (2010) Small H Large H Small H Large H jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy of GJ1214b Désert et al. (2011) CH4 I H2O H2O I I Bean et al. (2010) jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy of GJ1214b Désert et al. (2011) J H K H2O H2O I I Bean et al. (2010) jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy of GJ1214b Désert et al. (2011) J H K H2O H2O I I Bean et al. (2010) HST/WFC3 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy of GJ1214b Désert et al. (2011) J H K H2O H2O I I Bean et al. (2010) HST/WFC3 Berta et al. (2011) jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy of GJ1214b Désert et al. (2011) J H K H2O H2O I I Bean et al. (2010) HST/WFC3 jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Hot-Jupiters Survey with HST/WFC3 Sukrit Ranjan (CfA) jeudi 26 juillet 2012 Hot-Jupiters Survey with HST/WFC3 Sukrit Ranjan (CfA) Ranjan et al.