SECTION 13 URINARY SYSTEM The urinary system has several important functions, including: (1) constantly filtering blood to remove waste materials and urea (2) maintaining proper balance of water, salts, and acids (3) removing excess fluids from the body Major organs found in this system are: two kidneys two ureters (tubes from the kidneys to the bladder) one urinary bladder (both ureters drain into this bladder) one urethra (tube from bladder to outside) Word Elements (We will first look at some of the word elements that might be used in this system. Listen as each word element is being pronounced. Practice these word elements several times before going on to the next section.) -algia (al’ je a) means pain or suffering algia -cele means tumor or swelling, hernia, cyst cele cortic/o (kor ti ko) means outer region or cortex cortico cyst/o (sis to) means sac of fluid or bladder cysto dia- (di a) means through or complete dia dys- (dis) means bad, labored, difficult, painful dys -ectasis (ek’ ta sis) means stretching, dilation, enlargement ectasis -ectomy (ek’ to me) means surgical removal, called excision ectomy -emia (em e a) means blood condition emia epi- (ep i) means above or over epi glomerul/o (glo mer’ u lo) means ball or cluster, as in glomerulus glomerulo -gram (gram) means record or image gram -graphy (graf e) means the procedure of recording or writing graphy hem/o (he mo) means blood hemo hydr/o (hi dro) means water or fluid hydro hyp/o (hi po) means below or beneath hypo inter- (in ter) means between inter intra- (in tra) means within or inside intra -it is (i’ tis) means inflammation itis lithiasis (lith i’ a sis) means formation or presence of stones lithiasis lith/o (lith o) means stone, medically called calculus litho lysis (li sis) means dissolution, decompensation, setting free, separation lysis malacia (ma la’ she a) means abnormal softening malacia meat/o (me a to) means opening or passageway meato medull/o (me dul lo) means inner portion or middle medullo nephr/o (nef ro) means kidney nephro noct/o (nok to) means night nocto olig/o (ol i go) means small, few, scanty oligo -oscopy (os ko pe) means procedure to visually examine oscopy -ostomy (os to me) means to create an opening ostomy -osis (o sis) means condition, status, or process osis -otomy (ot o me) means to cut into or surgical incision otomy -pathy (path e) means disease, feeling, suffering pathy -pexy (pek se) means surgical fixation or to put in place pexy -plasty (plas te) means surgical correction or repair plasty poly- (pol e) means many or much poly -ptosis (to sis) means dropping, drooping, prolapse ptosis pyel/o (pi e lo) means renal pelvis, trough, basin, or bowl of the kidney pyelo py/o (pi o) means pus pyo ren/o (re no) means kidney reno retr/o (ret ro) means back or behind retro scler/o (skle ro) means hard, sclera, white of the eye sclero spad/o (spa do) means draw off spado sten/o (sten o) means narrow or contraction steno -tripsy (trip’ se) means crushing tripsy ureter/o (u re’ ter o) means tube from kidney to bladder. This tube is the ureter. uretero urethr/o (u re thro) means tube from bladder to outside. This tube is the urethra. urethro -uria (u re a) means urination or urine uria urin/o (u ri no) means urine or urinary organ urino ur/o (u ro) means urine or urinary tract uro venous (ve’ nus) means pertaining to a vein venous vesic/o (ves’ i ko) means urinary bladder vesico Urinary System Words anuria (an u’ re a) is the absence of urine formation an- means without uria means urine anuria calculus (kal’ ku lus)--commonly called stone--calculus is singular; calculi is plural calculus catheterization (kath” e ter i za’ shun) means the use or passage of a catheter catheterization cortex (kor’ teks) is the outer layer of an organ cortex cystalgia (sis tal’ je a) means pain in the bladder cyst/o means bladder -algia means pain cystalgia cystectomy (sis tek’ to me) is the surgical removal of the bladder cyst/o means bladder -ectomy means surgical removal cystectomy cystitis (sis ti’ tis) means inflammation of the bladder cyst/o means bladder -itis means inflammation cystitis cystocele (sis’ to sel) is a bladder hernia that protrudes into the vagina cyst/o means bladder cele means hernia or swelling cystocele cystography (sis tog’ ra fe) is the radiographic study of any cyst into which a radiopaque dye has been injected into the bladder cyst/o means bladder -graphy means the procedure of recording or writing cystography cystopexy (sis’ to pek” se) is surgical fixation of the bladder to the wall of the abdomen cyst/o means bladder -pexy means surgical fixation cystopexy cystoscopy (sis tos’ ko pe) is the examination of the bladder with the cystoscope cyst/o means bladder -oscopy means procedure to view with a scope cystoscopy diuresis (di” u re’ sis) means the secretion and passage of large amounts of urine diuresis dysuria (dis u’ re a) is painful or difficult urination dys- means painful, difficult uria means urine dysuria enuresis (en” u re’ sis) also known as bed wetting enuresis epispadias (ep” i spa’ de as) is an abnormal congenital opening of the urethra on the back (or upper side) of the penis epi- means upon epispadias glomerulonephritis (glo mer” u lo ne fri’ tis) is nephritis in which the lesions primarily involve the glomeruli glomerul/o means ball, cluster nephr/o means kidney -itis means inflammation glomerulonephritis glomerulus (glo mer’ u lus) is a group of twisted capillaries or nerve fibers glomerulus hemodialysis (he” mo di al’ i sis, hem” o di al’ i sis) is a method for reproducing the function of the kidneys by circulating blood through tubes made of semipermeable membranes hem/o means blood dia- means through -lysis means dissolution hemodialysis hydroureter (hi” dro u re’ ter) is distention of the ureter with fluid due to an obstruction hydr/o means fluid ureter means tube from kidney to bladder hydroureter hypospadias (hi” po spa’ de as) is an abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis hyp/o means under, below hypospadias interstitial cystitis (in” ter stish’ al sis ti tis) means inflammation and irritation of the bladder wall inter- means between cyst/o means bladder -itis means inflammation interstitial cystitis intravenous pyelogram (in tra ve’ nus pi’ e lo gram) is an x-ray of the urinary tract in which a radiopaque material is given intravenously intra- means within venous means vein pyel/o means pelvis -gram means record or image intravenous pyelogram KUB is the abbreviation for kidneys, ureters, and bladder; used in reference to roentgen- ray study of the abdomen KUB lithotripsy (lith’ o trip” se) means the crushing of a calculus in the bladder or urethra lith/o means stone -tripsy means crushing lithotripsy meatotomy (me” a tot’ o me) is the incision of the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening meat/o means opening -otomy means incision meatotomy medulla (me dul’ la) is the inner portion of an organ in contrast to the outer portion, or cortex medulla micturition (mik tu ri’ shun) means voiding of urine micturition nephrectomy (ne frek’ to me) is the removal of a kidney nephr/o means kidney -ectomy means surgical removal nephrectomy nephritis (nef ri’ tis) is the inflammation of a kidney nephr/o means kidney -itis means inflammation nephritis nephrolith (nef” ro lith) is a stone in the kidney nephr/o means kidney lith/o means stone nephrolith nephrolithiasis (nef” ro lith i’ a sis) is the presence of calculi in kidney nephr/o means kidney lithiasis means formation of stones nephrolithiasis nephrolithotomy (nef” ro lith ot’ o me) is a renal incision for the removal of calculus nephr/o means kidney lith means stone -otomy means surgical incision nephrolithotomy nephrolysis (ne frol’ i sis) is the surgical detachment of an inflamed kidney from paranephric (par” a nef’ rik) adhesions nephr/o means kidney -lysis means dissolution or decompensation nephrolysis nephromalacia (nef” ro ma la’ se a) is abnormal renal softness or softening nephr/o means kidney -malacia means abnormal softening nephromalacia nephron (nef’ ron) is the structural and functional unit of the kidney nephron nephropathy (ne frop’ a the) means disease of the kidney nephr/o means kidney -pathy means disease nephropathy nephrosclerosis (nef” ro skle ro’ sis) is renal sclerosis or hardening nephr/o means kidney scler/o means hard -osis means condition nephrosclerosis nephrostomy (ne fros’ to me) means formation of an artificial fistula into the renal pelvis nephr/o means kidney -ostomy means to create an opening nephrostomy nocturia (nok tu’ re a) means urination, especially excessive, during the night noct/o means night -uria means urine nocturia oliguria (ol ig u’ re a) is the diminished formation of urine olig/o means few, small -uria means urine oliguria polyuria (pol” e u’ re a) is excessive secretion and discharge of urine poly means excessive -uria means urine polyuria pyelonephritis (pi” e lo ne fri’ tis) is inflammation of the kidney substance and pelvis pyel/o means pelvis nephr means kidney -itis means inflammation pyelonephritis pyeloplasty (pi” e lo plas” te) is surgical repair of the pelvis of the kidney pyel/o means pelvis -plasty means surgical repair pyeloplasty renal failure (re’ nal) means acute failure of the kidney to perform its essential functions renal failure renal pelvis (re’ nal pel’ vis) is the expanded proximal end of the ureter renal pelvis sphincter (sfingk’ ter) is the circular muscle constricting an orifice sphincter urea (u re’ a) is the chief nitrogenous constituent