Looking at the Catalyzing Current Peace Reflection Process in 1/2014 Myanmar through a Gender Lens Salai Isaac Khen SalaiMuk Yin Isaac Haung Khen Nyoi Muk Yin Haung Nyoi Imprint Table of Contents swisspeace Acknowledgements 03 swisspeace is an action-oriented peace research institute with headquarters in Bern, Switzerland. It aims to prevent the Acronyms 04 outbreak of violent conflicts and to enable sustainable conflict Conflict Map of Myanmar 05 transformation. swisspeace is an Associated Institute of the University of 1 Introduction 06 Basel and a member of the Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences (SAGW). 2 Methodology 18 3 Gender Analysis of the Peace Process in Myanmar 20 Gender and Development Initiative-Myanmar Gender and Development Initiative-Myanmar (GDI-Myanmar), 4 Case Studies 28 established in February 2010, is an independent and 5 Prospects and Challenges for Future Initiatives 44 non-governmental civil society organization based in Yangon, Myanmar. GDI-Myanmar works collaboratively with various 6 Recommendations 49 stakeholders to promote gender equality, sustainable peace, Annex: List of Interviewees 52 reconciliation and rights of the indigenous people throughout Myanmar. References 56 Cover Photo Yangon, January 2014 Copyright: Stefan Bächtold / swisspeace List of Charts, Maps and Tables Conflict Map of Myanmar 05 Distribution of Respondents by Categories 19 Gender Checklists of the Myanmar Peace 42 Center and the Four Organizations Analyzed Participation of Women and Men in Senior 43 swisspeace Leadership of the Ethnic Armed Organizations Sonnenbergstrasse 17 Analyzed PO Box, 3000 Bern 7 www.swisspeace.org [email protected] © 2014 swisspeace 1 Catalyzing Reflection Series Acknowledgements Looking at the Current Peace Process in Myanmar We would like to express our hearty thanks to all the through a Gender Lens is the first paper in a series of pub- respondents who willingly received us for interviews and lications in which local actors involved in the ongoing peace patiently answered our questions during the interview processes in Myanmar step back and reflect on different meetings. dimensions of the ongoing process. Each of the publica- tions in the series provides a deep analysis of different di- Our special thanks also go to Mi Kun Chan Non (Mon mensions of the peace process: the importance of a gender Women’s Organization), Saw Tar Mu La (Karen National analysis, the complexity of the ceasefire process, and the Union), and Nang May Hnin Kyaw (Kanbawza Youth Library necessity of public participation in current peace efforts. and Reading Club) for helping us to arrange meetings with With the government of Myanmar and multiple armed leaders from Ethnic Armed Organizations. groups now engaging in peace talks after more than 60 years of conflict, this series, aptly titled Catalyzing We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from Reflection on Dialogue Processes among Parties in the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs and Myanmar, addresses the urgent need to document these substantive contributions of swisspeace, without which dimensions in order to better understand the country’s com- this paper would not have been possible. We would like plex and rapidly shifting peace process. to particularly thank Rachel Gasser, Sara Hellmüller and Julia Palmiano for accompanying this project all along its The authors are Myanmar nationals, whose expertise in the development. A special thanks also to Barbara Brank and respective topics is based on their direct involvement on the Antonia Potter for their useful comments and reviews of the ground. Their research and analyses speak directly to other text. actors in the process, the larger Myanmar community, and international actors in supporting roles. We hope that this Last, but not least, we extend our thanks to all the staff of series catalyzes more discussions and reflection to support the Gender and Development Initiative-Myanmar. Without current local, national and international peace efforts. their warm understanding and support, this study could not have been realized. 2 3 Acronyms Conflict Map of Myanmar CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All forms 1 Source: Burma News International of Discrimination against Women (2013), Deciphering Myanmar’s Peace Process: A Reference CHRO Chin Human Rights Organization Guide 2013. CNF Chin National Front CPTC Chin Peace and Tranquility Committee EAO Ethnic Armed Organizations GDI Gender and Development Initiative ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ILO International Labour Organization KDN Knowledge and Dedication for Nation- building/Karen Development Network KNPP Karenni National Progressive Party KNU Karen National Union KWO Karen Women’s Organization MPC Myanmar Peace Center MPS Myanmar Peace Support Initiative MWO Mon Women’s Organization NMSP New Mon State Party NSAO Non-State Armed Organizations NSPAW National Strategic Plan for the Advancement of Women OSAGI UN Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women RCSS Restoration Council of the Shan State SHRF Shan Human Rights Foundation SSA-S Shan State Army – South SWAN Shan Women’s Action Network UNSCR UN Security Council Resolution UPCC Union Peacemaking Central Committee UPWC Union Peacemaking Working Committee 4 5 1 Introduction Introduction A well-known peace scholar, Diana Francis, once said, and positive peace (Galtung, 1996, p.5). Negative peace “I do not mean to suggest that wars are simply displays of refers to the mere absence of violence, while positive masculinity and have no other causes. I do want to say that peace represents a stable social equilibrium in which gender as we know it, which positions men as dominant new disputes are resolved without resort to violence and and characterizes them as aggressive and heroic, is war. The concept of positive peace is comparable to the fundamental to the culture of domination of which war is holistic definition found in the United Nations’ (UN) Nairobi an expression” (CCTS Review, Feb 2004, p.2). Although Forward-Looking Strategies that peace, “includes not only it is difficult to unequivocally say that armed conflict is an the absence of war, violence and hostilities [...] but also the invention of men while peace is one of women, it can simply enjoyment of economic and social justice, equality and the be stated that conflict and violence have gendered natures. entire range of human rights and fundamental freedoms Gender identities constructed, promoted, and sustained within society” (UN, 1993, p.5). The definition of peace by armed conflict as well as the impact of militarization described in the Nairobi Forward-Looking Strategies was powerfully influence women’s and men’s attitudes and derived through women’s perceptions about their lives and behaviors in a post-conflict environment (Williams, 2000, gender roles as affected by conditions of war and peace. p.332). Thus, unless the experiences of the women and men from the conflict-affected communities are incorporated in the Armed conflict affects women and men differently. Thus, peace talks and negotiations, the peace process will not be the experiences of conflict by women, men, boys and girls meaningful to the whole community. are not the same. Every conflict has a profound impact on gender relations and every effective and sustainable In Myanmar, after decades of armed conflict, gender roles peacebuilding endeavor must take this into account and relations have changed among ethnic women and men (KOFF, 2012, p.1). For example, in many cases, men (and from conflict-affected areas. However, women still remain a sometimes even boys) are expected to engage in fighting, minority of participants in peace processes; they still receive while on the other hand, women are required to take on less attention than men in peacemaking policies as well as new tasks and responsibilities which are directly related to in the management of political transitions. No systematic protecting and supporting their families. Women generate and government commissioned gender analysis has been income and act as heads of households, breadwinners, conducted for any of the peace processes yet. So this is and caregivers during armed conflict. They may engage the time to say that looking at the current peace processes in community politics, and rally together for peace and through a gender lens is a necessary contribution to filling reconciliation like in the case of Liberia. At the same time, these gaps. women can also be spoilers or drivers of conflict often because of what they have suffered. For example, the loss 1.1 Gender of a loved one can lead to a desire for revenge and not for peace, which may lead women to encourage men to keep The term ‘gender’ can be defined as socially constructed fighting. characteristics of women and men. It changes not only over time, but also varies between cultures and systems and Peace is local. Peace does not come just from the even among different groups within a given culture. In most cessation of armed hostilities and the signing of a ceasefire societies today, gender inequality and discrimination are still or peace agreement. Johan Galtung, a pioneer of peace part of the mainstream culture. The United Nations Office of and conflict studies, coined the distinction between negative 6 7 Introduction Introduction the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women and girls can experience conflict differently than 3 Negative masculinity can be Women (OSAGI) describes: men, suffering physically as well as psychologically. characterized by arrogance and aggressiveness, which includes Women’s rights are usually denied as human rights during hostility, impatience and striving “Gender determines what is expected, allowed and valued the war, though they are technically protected under for achievement. (Janice W. Lee, ed., Psychology of Gender in a women or a man in a given context. In most societies International Humanitarian Law (ICRC, 2010). Gender- Identity, New York, Nova Science there are differences and inequalities between women and based violence has increased in most of the conflicts in Publishers, Inc., 2005, p.68).