ENGLISH CODE MIXING IN NEPALI REMIXED SONGS A Thesis Submitted to the Department of English Education In Partial Fulfillment for the Master of Education in English Submitted by Umesh Bhattarai Faculty of Education Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal 2014 A Research On ENGLISH CODE MIXING IN NEPALI REMIXED SONGS A Thesis Submitted to the Department of English Education In Partial Fulfillment for the Master of Education in English Submitted by Umesh Bhattarai Faculty of Education Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal 2014 T.U. Reg. No.: 9-1-214-308-2002 Date Second Year Examination Proposal Approval: 2068.09.14 Roll No.: 280833/2067 Thesis Submission: 13.06.2014 DECLARATION I hereby declare to the best of my knowledge that this thesis is original; no part of it was earlier submitted for the candidature of research degree to any university. Date: 13.06.2014 ---------------- Umesh Bhattarai i RECOMMENDATION FOR ACCCEPATANCE This is to certify that Mr. Umesh Bhattarai has prepared this thesis entitled English Code Mixing in Nepali Remixed Songs under my guidance and supervision. I recommend this thesis for acceptance. Date: 13.06.2014 …………………………... Dr. Anju Giri (Supervisor) Professor Department of English Education T.U., Kirtipur, Kathmandu Nepal ii RECOMMENDATION FOR EVALUATION This thesis has been recommended for evaluation from the following Research Guidance Committee. Signature Dr. Chandreshwar Mishra __________ Professor and Head Chairperson Department of English Education Chairperson English and Other Foreign Languages Education Subject Committee T.U., Kirtipur, Kathmandu Dr. Anju Giri (Supervisor) __________ Professor Member Department of English Education T.U., Kirtipur, Kathmandu Dr. Tara Datta Bhatta __________ Professor Member Department of English Education T.U., Kirtipur, Kathmandu Date: ------------- iii EVALUATION AND APPROVAL This thesis has been evaluated and approved by the following Thesis Evaluation and Approval Committee. Signature Dr. Anjana Bhattarai ………………... Reader and Head Chairperson Department of English Education T.U., Kirtipur Dr. Chanraeshwor Mishra ………………... Professor and Chairperson Member Department of English Education T.U., Kirtipur Dr. Anju Giri (Supervisor) ………………… Professor Member Department of English Education T.U., Kirtipur Date: 17.07.2014 iv DEDICATION Dedicated to My Parents, Wife, Gurumas/Gurus and all those who have contributed directly or indirectly to bring me where I am v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Anju Giri, Professor, Department of English Education, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur for her invaluable guidance, support, inspiration, enlightening ideas and encouragement throughout the work. It would be difficult for me to imagine reaching this point without her guidance and ability to motivate at just the right moment. I have been extremely fortunate to have her as my supervisor, who gave me invaluable support both at academic and personal levels. She provided me not only her invaluable time but also constructive ideas throughout the research. I am profoundly indebted to my respected Guruma Dr. Anjana Bhattarai, Reader and Head, Department of English Education, Tribhuvan Unversity, Kirtipur for her invaluable suggestions, encouragement and guidance for this research. My sincere gratitude goes to Dr. Chandreshwar Mishra, Professor Department of English Education, Faculty of Education, T.U., Kirtipur, for giving me invaluable and constructive suggestions and encouragement during this study. Similarly, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Tara Datta Bhatta, Professor, Department of English Education, T.U., Kirtipur for his invaluable comments and suggestions while conducting viva of the proposal of this research which made me aware of doing thesis work in its all formalities. In the same way, I feel pleasure to express my special thanks to Mr. Hem Subedi, R.J., Kantipur FM, Bishnu Basnet and Pabitra Lama, Librarians, Kantipur FM, Mr. Shambhujit Baslota and Kunti Moktan, Singers who provided me the lyrics, history and other supportive materials to prepare this research. vi I am indebted to Prof. Dr. Govinda Raj Bhattarai, Prof. Dr. Tirth Raj Khaniya, Prof. Dr. Jai Raj Awasthi, Prof. Dr. Vishnu Singh Rai,, Mr. Raj Narayan Yadav, Dr. Tapasi Bhattacharya, Dr. Bal Mukunda Bhandari, Mr. Prem Bahadur Phyak, Ms. Madhu Neupane, Ms. Saraswati Dawadi, Mr. Bhesh Raj Pokharel, Ms. Hima Rawal, Mr.Khem Raj Joshi, Mr. Ashok Sapkota for their invaluable and inspirational lectures. Similarly, Ms. Madhavi Khanal also deserves a lot of thanks for her kind help in library. I always remember and indebted to my Guru Mr. N.P Bhandari and Guru Prasad Adhikari, Lecturers at Sukuna Multiple Campus, Indrapur, Morang, who inspired me to the field of ELT for the first time. I am also grateful to my consort Ms. Januka Lamsal, Sister Ranju Bhattaraifor their support in every steps of my life. Thanks are also due to my best friends Naresh Kumar Chaudhary, Kamal Pokharel, Padam Chapagain, Nabin Shrestha, Pushpa Dhakal for the help during this research. Likewise, other relatives and friends who helped me during my study and preparing this thesis also deserve my thanks. Last but not the least, I would like to bow down my head to my loving, inspiring and encouraging parents Madhav Prasad Bhattarai and Shova Devi Bhattarai who devoted their entire life to make me what I am today. Umesh Bhattarai vii ABSTRACT This research work entitled "English code mixing in Nepali remixed songs" is an attempt to find out the English codes mixed in Nepali remixed songs. English codes were explored in terms of word class, sentence types and language functions. The songs for this research were selected by using non- random sampling purposive sampling procedure. For this research study, the secondary data were collected from different twenty five Nepali remixed songs. For the purpose of data collection I visited different radio stations, listened to the different radio programmes and TV shows and visited different websites. The collected data from the songs were analyzed and interpreted descriptively with the help of simple statistical tool. The major findings of the study are that all the remixed songs have mixed English codes in them. Highest number of nouns and the lowest number of adjectives were found in Nepali remixed songs. This thesis is divided into five different chapters. The first chapter deals with general background of the study, rationale of the study, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study, delimitation of the study and operational definition of the key terms. Similarly, the second chapter consists of the review of the theoretical literature, implication of the review for the study, and theoretical framework. The third chapter deals with the methodological aspect under which design of the study, sources of data, population and sample, sapling procedure, data collection tools, data collection procedures, and the data analysis and interpretation procedure. The fourth chapter focuses on the results and discussions. And the fifth chapter of the study consists of summary, conclusion and implications of the study in policy making level and practice level with some directions for the further research. viii List of Symbols and Abbreviation DJ Disco Jokey RAP Rhyme and Poetry CD Compact Disk ibid. Ibiden (that has just mentioned) FM Frequency Modulation T.U. Tribhuvan University T.V. Television NTV Nepal Television OUP Oxford University Press M.Ed. Master in Education CUP Cambridge University Press i.e. That is e.g. Exampli Gratia (For Example) et al. And others ELT English Language Teaching p. Page number Prof. Professor Regd. Registration viz. Videlicet (Namely) WWW World Wide Web http. Hyper Text Transfer Protocols org. Organization etc. Excetra Dr. Doctor ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration i Recommendation for acccepatance ii Recommendation for evaluation iii Evaluation and approval iv Dedication v Acknowledgements vi Abstract viii List of symbols and abbreviation ix Table of contents x List of tables xii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. General Background of the Study 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem 5 1.3. Rationale of the Study 5 1.4. Objectives of the Study 6 1.5. Research Questions/Hypothesis 6 1.6. Significance of the Study 7 1.7. Delimitations of the Study 7 1.8. Operational Definition of the Key Terms 7 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 9 2.1. Review of the Theoretical Literature 9 2.1.1. Difference Between code Switching and Code Mixing 9 2.1.2. Factors Leading to Code Switching and Code Mixing 10 2.1.3. Songs and Remixed Songs 10 2.1.4. Remixed Songs 13 2.1.5. Purposes for Remixings 14 2.1.6. History of Nepali Remixed Songs 15 2.2. Review of the Empirical Literature 18 2.3. Implications of the Review for the Study 21 2.4. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework 22 x CHAPTER III: METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY 24 3.1 Design of the Study 24 3.2 Sources of Data 25 3.2.1 Secondary Sources of Data 25 3.3 Population and Sample 26 3.4 Sampling Procedure 27 3.5 Data/ Information Collection Tools 27 3.6 Data/ Information Collection Procedure 27 3.7 Data Analysis and Interpretation Procedure 27 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28 4.1 Results/Findings 28 4.2 Discussion and Interpretation 29 4.2.1. Analysis of Word Class 29 4.2.1.1. Analysis of Nouns Mixed in Nepali Remixed Songs 31 4.2.1.2. Analysis of Verbs Mixed in Nepali Remixed Songs 34 4.2.1.3. Analysis of Adjectives Mixed in Nepali Remixed Songs 36 4.2.1.4. Analysis of Adverbs Mixed in Nepali Remixed Songs 38 4.2.1.5. Holistic Analysis of Word Class 40 4.2.2. Analysis of Sentences 41 4.2.2.1. Holistic Analysis of Sentences 44 4.2.3. Analysis of Language Functions 45 CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 50 5.1 Summary 50 5.2 Conclusions 51 5.3 Implications 53 5.3.1.