VENONA Praise for VENONA: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America "The full implications of Soviet espionage in the United States during and immediately after World War II are only now being realized. In yet another superbly fascinating volume, Haynes and Klehr make wondrous use of the evi­ dence in the Venona cables to reveal the scope of this limited, but very real (attack' which remained secret for too long:'-Daniel Patrick Moynihan "With unmatched knowledge of American communism and Soviet espionage in America, Haynes and Klehr settle some of the most persistent historical con­ troversies of the domestic cold war:'-Richard Gid Powers "Probably the definitive public study of Soviet espionage in the United States:'-Arnold Beichman, Weekry Standard "The reverberations from this cool, balanced, and devastating appraisal will be heard for many years to come:'- Kirkus Reviews "A careful explanation of the greatest codebreak of the Cold War:' -David Ignatius, Washington Monthly "Preeminent authorities on American communism provide the first comprehen­ sive examination of these files, one of U.S. counter-intelligence's greatest achievements:'- Rorin M. Platt, Foreign Service Journal "Reads like a fast-paced spy nove!:'-John Hanchette, Gannett News Service "May open a fundamental revision of U.S. history:'-Gilbert Taylor, Booklist "Better than anything John Ie Carre could produce, because in this case, truth is really stranger than fiction:'-Library Journal John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr ~ Yale Nota Bene Yale University Press New Haven and London To my wife, Marcia Steinberg - HARVEY KLEHR To my wife, Janette -JOHN EARL HAYNES First published as a Yale Nota Bene The Library of Congress has cataloged the book in 2000. hardcover edition as follows: Copyright © 1999 by Yale Haynes, John Earl. University. Venona: Decoding Soviet espionage in All rights reserved. America / John Earl Haynes and This book may not be Harvey Klehr. reproduced, in whole or in part, p. cm. including illustrations, in any Includes index. form (beyond that copying ISBN 0-300-°7771-8 permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law I. Communist Party of the United and except by reviewers for the States of America-History- public press), without written Sources. 2. Espionage, Soviet- permission from the publishers. United States-History-Sources. 3. Communism-United States-History­ For information about this and Sources. 4. Spies-Soviet Union­ other Yale University Press History-Sources. 5. Spies-United publications, please contact: States-History-Sources. 6. Cryptography-United States­ U.S. office [email protected] History-Sources. I. Klehr, Europe office [email protected] Harvey. II. Title. JK2 39I.C5H39 1999 Printed in the United States of America. 327.1247'073'0904-dc21 98-5 1464 ISBN 0-3°0-08462-5 (pbk.) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3.