FINAL REPORT ASSESSMENT OF ECOSAN TOILETS IN NEPAL Submitted by: April 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 GOAL OF STUDY ............................................................................................................. 2 2.0 OBJECTIVES...................................................................................................... 2 3.0 METHODOLOGY................................................................................................ 2 3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................... 2 3.2 DEVELOPMENT OF QUESTIONNAIRE............................................................................... 3 3.3 FIELD TEST .................................................................................................................... 3 3.4 FINALIZATION OF QUESTIONNAIRES .............................................................................. 3 3.5 ORIENTATION TRAINING TO ENUMERATORS.................................................................. 3 3.6 FIELD SURVEY ............................................................................................................... 4 3.7 HOUSEHOLD VISITS ....................................................................................................... 4 3.8 FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION............................................................................................ 4 3.9 INTERVIEWS WITH KEY PERSONALS............................................................................... 4 3.10 CONSULTATION WITH ORGANIZATIONS ......................................................................... 5 3.11 DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS................................................................................ 5 4.0 LIMITATIONS ..................................................................................................... 5 5.0 STATUS OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN NEPAL......................... 6 5.1 WATER SUPPLY ............................................................................................................. 6 5.2 SANITATION................................................................................................................... 6 5.3 TYPES OF TOILETS.......................................................................................................... 6 5.3.1 Direct Pit Latrine............................................................................................................................ 6 5.3.2 Ventilated Improved Pits (VIP)....................................................................................................... 7 5.3.3 Offset Pit Latrine............................................................................................................................. 7 5.3.4 Toilet with Septic Tank.................................................................................................................... 8 5.3.5 Toilet connected to Sewerage System ............................................................................................. 8 6.0 ECOSAN TOILETS IN NEPAL........................................................................... 9 6.1 STATUS OF ECOSAN TOILETS ......................................................................................... 9 6.2 TYPES OF ECOSAN TOILETS IN NEPAL....................................................................... 10 6.2.1 Double Vault Type ........................................................................................................................ 10 6.2.2 Double vault solar model.............................................................................................................. 11 6.2.3 Single vault replaceable buckets................................................................................................... 12 6.2.4 Urine diversion pour flush toilets ................................................................................................. 12 6.3 IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES ........................................................................................... 13 6.3.1 Lumanti ......................................................................................................................................... 13 6.3.2 Environment and Public Health Organization ............................................................................. 14 6.3.3 Center for Integrated Urban Development (CIUD) ..................................................................... 14 6.3.4 Community Development Forum (CODEF) ................................................................................. 14 6.3.5 Development Networks (DNet) Pvt Ltd......................................................................................... 14 6.3.6 Nepal Water for Health (NEWAH) ............................................................................................... 14 6.3.7 Nepal Red Cross Society............................................................................................................... 15 i 6.3.8 Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project........................................................................ 15 6.3.9 Plan Nepal .................................................................................................................................... 15 6.3.10 Donors Agencies ...................................................................................................................... 15 6.3.11 DWSS/ WHO ............................................................................................................................ 15 6.3.12 Water Aid Nepal....................................................................................................................... 15 6.3.13 UN-HABITAT........................................................................................................................... 16 6.3.14 Practical Action ....................................................................................................................... 16 5 5.0 STUDY LOCATIONS.................................................................................. 17 5.1 5.1 PERI-URBAN AREA OF KATHMANDU VALLEY ......................................................... 17 5.1.1 5.1.1 Siddhipur.............................................................................................................................. 17 5.1.2 5.1.2 Khokana ............................................................................................................................... 17 5.1.3 5.1.3 Tokha.................................................................................................................................... 18 5.1.4 5.1.4 Thecho.................................................................................................................................. 18 5.1.5 5.1.5 Imadol .................................................................................................................................. 18 5.1.6 5.1.6 Thimi .................................................................................................................................... 19 5.1.7 5.1.7 Lubhu ................................................................................................................................... 19 5.1.8 5.1.8 Tigani ................................................................................................................................... 19 5.1.9 5.1.9 Duwakot ............................................................................................................................... 19 5.1.10 5.1.10 Gamcha ......................................................................................................................... 19 5.1.11 5.1.11 Shankhamul................................................................................................................... 20 5.2 5.2 ECOSAN TOILETS IN SOUTHERN PLAIN .................................................................... 20 5.2.1 5.2.1 Sabaithawa........................................................................................................................... 20 5.3 5.3 ECOSAN TOILETS IN HILL AREA .............................................................................. 20 5.3.1 5.3.1 Gorkha ................................................................................................................................. 20 5.4 5.4 OTHER LOCATIONS................................................................................................. 21 6 6.0 TECHNICAL EVALUATION OF DRY TOILETS USED IN NEPAL............ 22 6.1 6.1 PANS ...................................................................................................................... 22 6.1.1 6.1.1 Squatting pan with two faeces holes .................................................................................... 22 6.1.2 6.1.2 Two pan system.................................................................................................................... 22 6.1.3 6.1.3 Pan cover ............................................................................................................................. 23 6.2 6.2 EXCRETA COLLECTION TANKS...............................................................................