BOLIVIAN IMMIGRANTS IN SÃO PAULO: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF LANGUAGE CONTACT IN THE CITY “Se você não aprender falar direitinho você não vai se dar bem com São Paulo. Agora se você falar bem você se dá bem com São Paulo.” DISSERTATION Zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie dem Fachbereich Philosophie und Geisteswissenschaften Freie Universität Berlin Vorgelegt von Stephanie Niehoff Berlin, 2011 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Uli Reich (Freie Universität Berlin) Zweitgutachterin: Profa. Dra. Verena Kewitz (Universidade de São Paulo) Tag der Disputation: 20. Januar 2012 This thesis is dedicated to my parents, Dorle and Harald Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to all the people who supported me with conducting and writing this research project. My special thanks go to: My Bolivian interview partners in São Paulo, for sharing their life stories with me. The Paulistanos who participated in the quantitative study, for giving me their honest opinions. My friends from Santa Fé, for their input as native speakers, their hospitality and kindness. My colleagues and friends Anne, Gordon, Martin, Silca, Susanne, and Victor, for their strict eyes, helpful commentaries and wise corrections. The Duvidosos of the FFCHL, Universidade de São Paulo, for their instructive objections and open discussions. Michael Thomas, for technical advice and IT-support. Prof. Verena Kewitz, Universidade de São Paulo, for opening my eyes about São Paulo, for sharing her knowledge and linguistic insights, and for her never-ending patience and support. Prof. Uli Reich, Freie Universität Berlin, who introduced me to Linguistics and taught me to listen carefully, for his assistance and guidance and his stimulating enthusiasm about Sociolinguistics and Brazil. The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) and the Friedrich-Ebert-Foundation for financing this project. In addition, I would like to thank my family and my boyfriend for their constant support, their pa- tience, their motivating words and their wise advice from the beginning until the end of this thesis. Dorle, Harald, Ulli, Christian and Micky – I could not have done it without you. Contents Contents .................................................................................................................................................... i List of Figures and Tables ..................................................................................................................... vi List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... viii 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Migration to São Paulo ................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Open questions and aims of the study .......................................................................................... 3 1.3 Outline of the study ...................................................................................................................... 5 2. The Bolivians in São Paulo ................................................................................................................. 7 2.1 The city ......................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 The historical context: immigration ....................................................................................... 9 2.1.2 The socioeconomic context: segregation ............................................................................. 12 2.2 The Bolivians .............................................................................................................................. 27 2.2.1 The historical context ........................................................................................................... 27 2.2.2 The socioeconomic context .................................................................................................. 29 2.3 Summing up ................................................................................................................................ 34 3. State of the Art .................................................................................................................................. 36 3.1 (Urban) Sociolinguistics ............................................................................................................. 36 3.1.1 Structural variation ............................................................................................................... 38 3.1.2 Stylistic variation ................................................................................................................. 41 3.1.3 Perception ............................................................................................................................. 44 3.1.4 Urban sociolinguistics in Brazil ........................................................................................... 46 3.1.5 Urban sociolinguistics in Bolivia ......................................................................................... 49 3.2 Language Contact and Second Language Acquisition ............................................................... 51 3.2.1 Process oriented approaches ................................................................................................ 53 3.2.1.1 Borrowing and shift-induced interference .................................................................... 54 3.2.1.2 Borrowing and imposition ............................................................................................ 56 3.2.1.3 Communication accommodation .................................................................................. 59 3.2.1.4 Koine, koineization and dialect leveling ...................................................................... 61 3.2.1.5 Code mixing .................................................................................................................. 64 i 3.2.2 Classroom contact situations between Spanish and Portuguese ......................................... 66 3.2.3 Natural contact situations between Spanish and Portuguese ............................................... 68 3.3 Holistic approaches ..................................................................................................................... 70 3.3.1 Migrationslinguistik ............................................................................................................. 70 3.3.2 Urbane Prozesse ................................................................................................................... 72 3.4 Summing up ................................................................................................................................ 73 4. A theoretical approach to language contact caused by migration .................................................... 75 4.1 The sociological basis ................................................................................................................. 76 4.2 The linguistic processes in language contact situations and their cause .................................... 77 4.2.1 Accommodation toward social networks – by social indexicality ...................................... 78 4.2.2 Further processes: L1-transfer and simplification ............................................................... 80 4.3 Bolivian immigrants in São Paulo .............................................................................................. 81 4.4 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 82 4.5 Summing up ................................................................................................................................ 84 5. Methodology: a mixed methods approach ........................................................................................ 86 5.1 The sequential exploratory design (QUAL → quan) ................................................................. 86 5.2 The qualitative part of the study ................................................................................................. 88 5.2.1 Ethics .................................................................................................................................... 89 5.2.2 Participants ........................................................................................................................... 90 5.2.2.1 Making contact .............................................................................................................. 90 5.2.2.2 The sampling strategy ................................................................................................... 91 5.2.2.3 Selecting the informants ............................................................................................... 92 5.2.3 Sources of data ..................................................................................................................... 98 5.2.3.1 Observation ................................................................................................................... 98 5.2.3.2 The sociolinguistic interview ........................................................................................ 99 5.2.3 Transcription and analysis