Colorado Technical University CS 660 – Database Systems Colorado Technical University Instructor: Dr. John Conklin Unit 2 – Database Design & Modeling Source: (https://twitter.com/idigdata/status/446785729587580928) The Relational Model Objectives • Terminology of relational model. • How tables are used to represent data. • Connection between mathematical relations and relations in the relational model. • Properties of database relations. • How to identify CK, PK, and FKs. • Meaning of entity integrity and referential integrity. • Purpose and advantages of views. 4 Relational Model Terminology • Relation is a table with columns and rows. • Attribute is a named column. • Domain is set of allowable values for attributes. Image Source(https://www.guru99.com/relational-data-model-dbms.html) 5 Relational Model Terminology • Tuple is a row of a relation. • Degree is the number of attributes in a relation. • Cardinality is the number of tuples in a relation. • Relational Database is a collection of normalized relations with distinct relation names. 6 Instances of Branch and Staff Relations 7 Examples of Attribute Domains 8 Alternative Terminology for Relational Model 9 Database Relations • Relation schema • Named relation defined by a set of attribute and domain name pairs. • Relational database schema • Set of relation schemas, each with a distinct name. 10 Properties of Relations • Relation name is distinct from all other relation names in relational schema. • Each cell of relation contains exactly one atomic (single) value. • Each attribute has a distinct name. • Values of an attribute are all from the same domain. 11 Properties of Relations • Each row is distinct; there are no duplicate rows. • Order of attributes has no significance. • Order of rows has no significance, theoretically. 12 Relational Keys • Super key • An attribute, or set of attributes, that uniquely identifies a row within a relation. • Candidate Key • Minimal set of attributes that uniquely identifies each occurrence of that entity. • We may identify more than one candidate key, in which case we must select one to be the primary key, and remaining are called alternate keys. 13 Relational Keys • Primary Key • Candidate key selected to identify tuples uniquely within relation. • Alternate Keys • Candidate keys that are not selected to be primary key. • Foreign Key • Attribute, or set of attributes, within one relation that matches candidate key of some (possibly same) relation. 14 Integrity Constraints • Null • Represents value for an attribute that is currently unknown or not applicable for row. • Deals with incomplete or exceptional data. • Represents the absence of a value and is not the same as zero or spaces, which are values. 15 Integrity Constraints • Entity Integrity • In a base relation, no attribute of a primary key can be null. • Referential Integrity • If foreign key exists in a relation, either foreign key value must match a candidate key value of some row in its home relation or foreign key value must be wholly null. 16 Integrity Constraints • General Constraints • Additional rules specified by users or database administrators that define or constrain some aspect of the enterprise. 17 Views • Base Relation • Named relation corresponding to an entity in conceptual schema, whose tuples are physically stored in database. • View • Can be defined in terms of base relations. 18 Views • A virtual relation that does not necessarily actually exist in the database but is produced upon request, at time of request. • Contents of a view are defined as a query on one or more base relations. • Views are dynamic, meaning that changes made to base relations that affect view attributes are immediately reflected in the view. 19 Purpose of Views • Provides powerful and flexible security mechanism by hiding parts of database from certain users. • Permits users to access data in a customized way, so that same data can be seen by different users in different ways, at same time. • Can simplify complex operations on base relations. 20 Updating Views • All updates to a base relation should be immediately reflected in all views that reference that base relation. • If view is updated, underlying base relation should reflect change. 21 Updating Views • There are restrictions on types of modifications that can be made through views: • Updates are allowed if query involves a single base relation and contains a candidate key of base relation. • Updates are not allowed involving multiple base relations. • Updates are not allowed involving aggregation or grouping operations. 22 Entity- Relationship Modeling Objectives • How to use Entity–Relationship (ER) modeling in database design. • Basic concepts associated with ER model. • Diagrammatic technique for displaying ER model using Unified Modeling Language (UML). • How to identify and resolve problems with ER models called connection traps. • How to build an ER model from a requirements specification. 24 Concepts of the ER Model • Entity types • Relationship types • Attributes 25 Entity Type • Entity type • Group of objects with same properties, identified by enterprise as having an independent existence. • Entity occurrence • Uniquely identifiable object of an entity type. 26 Examples of Entity Types 27 ER diagram of Staff and Branch entity types 28 Relationship Types • Relationship type • Set of meaningful associations among entity types. • Relationship occurrence • Uniquely identifiable association, which includes one occurrence from each participating entity type. 29 Semantic net of Has relationship type 30 ER diagram of Branch Has Staff relationship 31 Relationship Types • Degree of a Relationship • Number of participating entities in relationship. • Relationship of degree : • two is binary • three is ternary • four is quaternary. 32 Binary relationship called POwns 33 Ternary relationship called Registers 34 Quaternary relationship called Arranges 35 Relationship Types • Recursive Relationship • Relationship type where same entity type participates more than once in different roles. • Relationships may be given role names to indicate purpose that each participating entity type plays in a relationship. 36 Recursive relationship called Supervises with role names 37 Entities associated through two distinct relationships with role names 38 Attributes • Attribute • Property of an entity or a relationship type. • Attribute Domain • Set of allowable values for one or more attributes. 39 Attributes • Simple Attribute • Attribute composed of a single component with an independent existence. • Composite Attribute • Attribute composed of multiple components, each with an independent existence. 40 Attributes • Single-valued Attribute • Attribute that holds a single value for each occurrence of an entity type. • Multi-valued Attribute • Attribute that holds multiple values for each occurrence of an entity type. 41 Attributes • Derived Attribute • Attribute that represents a value that is derivable from value of a related attribute, or set of attributes, not necessarily in the same entity type. 42 Keys • Candidate Key • Minimal set of attributes that uniquely identifies each occurrence of an entity type. • Primary Key • Candidate key selected to uniquely identify each occurrence of an entity type. • Composite Key • A candidate key that consists of two or more attributes. 43 ER diagram of Staff and Branch entities and their attributes 44 Entity Type • Strong Entity Type • Entity type that is not existence-dependent on some other entity type. • Weak Entity Type • Entity type that is existence-dependent on some other entity type. 45 Strong entity type called Client and weak entity type called Preference 46 Relationship called Advertises with attributes 47 Structural Constraints • Main type of constraint on relationships is called multiplicity. • Multiplicity - number (or range) of possible occurrences of an entity type that may relate to a single occurrence of an associated entity type through a particular relationship. • Represents policies (called business rules) established by user or company. 48 Structural Constraints • The most common degree for relationships is binary. • Binary relationships are generally referred to as being: • one-to-one (1:1) • one-to-many (1:*) • many-to-many (*:*) 49 Semantic net of Staff Manages Branch relationship type 50 Multiplicity of Staff Manages Branch (1:1) relationship 51 Semantic net of Staff Oversees PropertyForRent relationship type 52 Multiplicity of Staff Oversees PropertyForRent (1:*) relationship type 53 Semantic net of Newspaper Advertises PropertyForRent relationship type 54 Multiplicity of Newspaper Advertises PropertyForRent (*:*) relationship 55 Structural Constraints • Multiplicity for Complex Relationships • Number (or range) of possible occurrences of an entity type in an n-ary relationship when other (n-1) values are fixed. 56 Multiplicity of ternary Registers relationship 57 Summary of multiplicity constraints 58 Structural Constraints • Multiplicity is made up of two types of restrictions on relationships: cardinality and participation. 59 Structural Constraints • Cardinality • Describes maximum number of possible relationship occurrences for an entity participating in a given relationship type. • Participation • Determines whether all or only some entity occurrences participate in a relationship. 60 Multiplicity as Cardinality and Participation Constraints 61 Problems with ER Models • Problems may arise when designing a conceptual data model called connection traps. • Often due