1 [MEE09:65] An Investigation of Routing Protocols in Wireless Mesh Networks under certain Parameters Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona Campus, Sweden Authors 1- Waqas Ahmad (830516-2557) [email protected] 2- Muhammad Kashif Aslam (800203-8498) [email protected] Supervisor 1- Alexandru Popescu (PhD Student), BTH Sweden [email protected] Examiner 1- Professor Adrian Popescu, BTH Sweden [email protected] 2 Abstract Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are bringing revolutionary change in the field of wireless networking. It is a trustworthy technology in applications like broadband home networking, network management and latest transportation systems. WMNs consist of mesh routers, mesh clients and gateways. It is a special kind of wireless Ad-hoc networks. One of the issues in WMNs is resource management which includes routing and for routing there are particular routing protocols that gives better performance when checked with certain parameters. Parameters in WMNs include delay, throughput, network load etc. There are two types of routing protocols i.e. reactive protocols and proactive protocols. Three routing protocols AODV, DSR and OLSR have been tested in WMNs under certain parameters which are delay, throughput and network load. The testing of these protocols will be performed in the Optimized Network Evaluation Tool (OPNET) Modeler 14.5. The obtained results from OPNET will be displayed in this thesis in the form of graphs. This thesis will help in validating which routing protocol will give the best performance under the assumed conditions. Moreover this thesis report will help in doing more research in future in this area and help in generating new ideas in this research area that will enhance and bring new features in WMNs. 3 Preface This report is written in the context of final year master’s thesis that is carried out at Blekinge Institute of Technology (BTH), Karlskrona, Sweden. As it is a final year thesis so it is also a last requirement for our degree of Master’s of science in Electrical Engineering with specialization in Telecommunications. BTH is a well known and among the respectable universities of Sweden. It is one of the high ranking universities in Sweden and in Europe as well. BTH is well equipped with all the necessary laboratories and has very good faculty as well. This master’s thesis has been carried out under the sophisticated environment of BTH and the completion of this thesis has become possible due to the cooperation of BTH and their whole staff. Our master’s thesis is consisted of the study of Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs), Routing Protocols (RPs) in WMNs, Design Parameters (DPs) and the simulation of few routing protocols in WMNs under certain parameters. We randomly chosen three routing protocols and tested them under certain parameters in WMNs using OPNET tool. This useful contribution has made it possible to share our thoughts and ideas relating to this topic with everyone. We would like to thank all the BTH’s staff especially we would like to thank Mr. Mikael Asman, Lena Magnusson, Lina Berglind, our supervisor Mr. Alexandru Popescu and our examiner Mr. Adrian Popescu at Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden. Also we would like to thank our parents who have given us feedback in completing our thesis report in an efficient manner. 4 Acknowledgements To my parents (mom and dad), you did a big sacrifice by sending their elder son overseas for getting higher education. Your sacrifice was beyond measures to me. Without your brave step, it would become impossible for me to complete my education. I am really very thankful to both of you and will always remember your sacrifice. I would also like to thank my supervisor, Mr. Alexandru Popescu, without his guidance and support; I cannot be able to achieve my goal. He never denied helping us in difficult time. In the end I would also like to thank Mr. Mikael Åsman, Lena Magnusson and all the staff of BTH, without their cooperation it was difficult to achieve the target. --- Waqas Ahmad Firstly I am really thankful to my elder brother Shahid Aslam, my parents and my friends who have encouraged me and give me great spirit and enthusiasm to achieve my goal. Secondly I am also grateful to my supervisor Mr. Alexandru Popescu who has given me great learning space and research oriented environment. Finally I acknowledge the credibility of Mr. Mikael Åsman, Lena Magnusson and all the staff of BTH. --- Muhammad Kashif Aslam 5 Acronyms WMNs ------------------------------------------ Wireless Mesh Networks OPNET ------------------------------------------ Optimized Network Evaluation Tool AODV ------------------------------------------- Ad-hoc On-Demand Vector DSR ---------------------------------------------- Dynamic Source Routing OLSR -------------------------------------------- Optimized Link State Routing LANs -------------------------------------------- Local Area Networks MANETs --------------------------------------- Mobile Ad-hoc Networks PCI ---------------------------------------------- Peripheral Component Interconnect PCMCIA --------------------------------------- Personal Computer Memory Card International Association OSI --------------------------------------------- Open System Interconnection WLAN ----------------------------------------- Wireless Local Area Network RF ---------------------------------------------- Radio Frequency PP ---------------------------------------------- Peer to Peer IS ----------------------------------------------- Infrastructure AP ---------------------------------------------- Access Point BW --------------------------------------------- Bandwidth NLOS ------------------------------------------ Non Line of Sight LOS -------------------------------------------- Line of Sight HO --------------------------------------------- Hand Over QOS ------------------------------------------- Quality of Service FCA ------------------------------------------- Fixed Channel Allocation DCA ------------------------------------------ Dynamic Channel Allocation US -------------------------------------------- United States MWNs --------------------------------------- Multi Hop Wireless Networks HWNs --------------------------------------- Hybrid Wireless Networks WANs --------------------------------------- Wireless Ad-hoc Networks WSNs --------------------------------------- Wireless Sensor Networks 6 IDS --------------------------------------- Intrusion Detection System IPS --------------------------------------- Intrusion Prevention System MAC ------------------------------------ Medium Access Control PDe -------------------------------------- Processing Delay QD -------------------------------------- Queuing Delay TD -------------------------------------- Transmission Delay PD -------------------------------------- Propagation Delay *WANs -------------------------------- Wide Area Networks IP --------------------------------------- Internet Protocol TCP ------------------------------------ Transmission Control Protocol BGP ----------------------------------- Border Gateway Protocol IGRP ---------------------------------- Interior Gateway Routing Protocol EIGRP -------------------------------- Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol OSPF --------------------------------- Open Shortest Path First RSVP --------------------------------- Resource Reservation Protocol RIP ------------------------------------ Routing Information Protocol SMRP --------------------------------- Simple Multicast Routing Protocol CISCO -------------------------------- Computer Information System Company SNA ----------------------------------- System Network Architecture RTMP --------------------------------- Routing Table Management Protocol RTP ------------------------------------ Routing Table Protocol NLSP ---------------------------------- Network Link Service Protocol ISO ------------------------------------ International Standard Organization IETF ----------------------------------- Internet Engineering Task Force ZRP ------------------------------------ Zone Routing Protocol TORA --------------------------------- Temporary Ordered Routing Algorithm CBRP ---------------------------------- Cluster Based Routing Protocol CEDAR -------------------------------- Core Extraction Distributed Ad-hoc Routing AM Route ------------------------------ Ad-hoc Multicast Routing Protocol 7 WRP ------------------------------------- Wireless Routing Protocol RReq ------------------------------------- Route Request MRP ------------------------------------- Mesh Routing Protocol RHS ------------------------------------- Right Hand Side 8 List of Figures Figure 2.1 (Wired Network) ----------------------------------------------------------------- 19 Figure 2.2 (Wireless Network) -------------------------------------------------------------- 20 Figure 2.3 (Nodes and Links in Mesh Network) ------------------------------------------ 20 Figure 2.4 (Peer to Peer) --------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 Figure 2.5 (Infrastructure) --------------------------------------------------------------------22 Figure 2.6 (Wireless Mesh) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 22 Figure 2.7 (Wireless Mesh Network) ------------------------------------------------------- 24 Figure 2.8 (Point to Point Network) -------------------------------------------------------- 24 Figure 2.9 (Point to Multipoint Network) -------------------------------------------------- 25 Figure 2.10 (Bridging and Routing in OSI