Nebraska Historic Buildings Survey Custer County Prepared for: Nebraska State Historical Society Prepared by: Mead & Hunt, Inc. [email protected] July 2006 Mead & Hunt prepared this report under contract to the Nebraska State Historical Society (NSHS). Architectural historians from Mead & Hunt who contributed to the survey and report include Andrea Kampinen, Emily Pettis, Katy Holmer, Bob Frame, Chad Moffett, and Timothy Smith. Nebraska Historic Buildings Survey (NeHBS) projects are administered by the Nebraska State Historic Preservation Office with the cooperation of the NSHS. The NeHBS is funded in part with the assistance of a federal grant from the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. However, the contents and opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of the Interior. Regulations of the U.S. Department of the Interior strictly prohibit unlawful discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, or handicap. Any person who believes he or she has been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility operated by a recipient of federal assistance should write to: Director, Office of Equal Opportunity, National Park Service, 1849 C Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-permanence of paper for printed Library Materials (ANSI 239-48-1984). Historic photographs within the report are used courtesy of the Custer County Historical Society (CCHS) and the NSHS. Images shown in the glossary are adapted from Barbara Wyatt, ed., Cultural Resource Management in Wisconsin, vol. 2, Architecture (Madison, Wis.: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1986). Other images are 2005 survey photographs taken by Mead & Hunt, Inc. Graphic layout and design of this report was completed by Kent A. Jacobson. Cover photograph(s) include a sod blacksmith shop located near Merna (CCHS). Executive Summary The Nebraska State Historical Society (NSHS) contracted with Mead & Hunt, Inc., (Mead & Hunt) to conduct a Nebraska Historic Buildings Survey (NeHBS) of Custer County. The survey was conducted in the fall of 2005 to document properties that possess historic or architectural significance. Custer County was previously surveyed beginning in the late 1970s. There were approximately 380 previously surveyed properties, which were reevaluated as part of this project. In addition, 420 properties were newly identified and documented. A total of 800 properties were evaluated for the 2005-2006 NeHBS survey of Custer County. Surveyed properties were evaluated for their potential to be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (National Register). Fifty-two individual properties are recommended as potentially eligible for National Register designation. As part of this project, a National Register nomination was completed for the Broken Bow Commercial Square Historic District. Mead & Hunt would like to thank the following state and local organizations and individuals for assisting us with this study: Chard Hirsch and Mary Landkamer of the Custer County Historical Society, Research Center and Museum; Jill Dolberg, Stacy Stupka-Burda, and Bob Puschendorf of the Nebraska State Historic Preservation Office; and John Carter and the staff of the NSHS Archives and Library. iii Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................iii Chapter 1: Historic Overview Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 Landscape and Environment of Central Nebraska ............................................................ 1 Custer County ...................................................................................................... 2 Community Development ........................................................................................ 3 Chapter 2: Sod Houses and the Photography of Solomon Butcher Introduction ...................................................................................................... 15 Origins of Sod Construction .................................................................................... 15 Materials and Location .......................................................................................... 16 Construction Methods ............................................................................................ 17 Forms and Functions ............................................................................................ 18 The Photography of Solomon Butcher ........................................................................ 20 Chapter 3: Survey Methods and Results Introduction ...................................................................................................... 25 Survey Methods .................................................................................................. 25 Survey Results .................................................................................................... 28 Numerical Summary of Survey Results ........................................................................ 35 Chapter 4: Recommendations Introduction ...................................................................................................... 37 National Register of Historic Places Recommendations .................................................... 37 Future Survey and Research Needs ............................................................................ 44 Chapter 5: Preservation in Nebraska Introduction ...................................................................................................... 49 Nebraska Historic Buildings Survey ............................................................................ 49 National Register of Historic Places .......................................................................... 50 Certified Local Governments .................................................................................. 50 Federal Project Review .......................................................................................... 51 Preservation Tax Incentives .................................................................................... 52 Valuation Incentive Program .................................................................................. 52 Public Outreach and Education ................................................................................ 53 Organizational Contacts ........................................................................................ 53 Appendix A. List of Surveyed Properties ............................................................ 55 Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 83 Glossary of Architectural Styles and Survey Terms ............................................ 87 v Contents Tables Table 1. Numerical Summary of Survey Results ............................................................35 Table 2. Numerical Summary of Survey by Location ........................................................35 Table 3. Properties Recommended as Potentially Eligible for the National Register of Historic Places....................................................................46 Table 4. Summary of Survey Results for Sod Houses ........................................................47 Figures Figure 1. Map Showing Custer County in Nebraska............................................................1 vi Chapter 1 Historic Overview of Survey Area Introduction This historic overview provides a context in which to The Sand Hills were created by fine sand deposited consider the various types of resources that were by wind that accumulated into hills millions of years researched and documented in this survey. When ago. The Sand Hills are partly covered by vegetation possible, information is presented about specific and comprise the northwestern portion of Custer buildings in Custer County. When a building has County. Nebraska contains the largest area of sand been included in the survey, it is followed by its dunes in North America.1 Nebraska Historic Buildings Survey (NeHBS) number. These numbers begin with an abbreviation The Elkhorn and Loup Rivers flow through central of the county (CU for Custer) and a two-digit Nebraska. Hundreds of small natural lakes are number referring to its location within the county. found throughout the Sand Hills. The Ogallala Each community has a number, for example “01” aquifer lies under much of central Nebraska and indicates Anselmo, and rural sites are number “00.” provides a water supply for irrigation of cropland. The last three numbers refer to the specific building or structure (for example CU01-001 refers to the first property surveyed in Anselmo). Landscape and Environment of Central Nebraska Custer County is located in central Nebraska between the Loess Hills and the Sand Hills. The landscape of central Nebraska is generally character- ized by broad valleys and rolling prairie plains with areas that include landforms such as loess hills, sand hills, and canyons. The Loess Hills make up the thickest deposits of the fertile soil found in the state. Figure 1. Map showing Custer County in Nebraska 1 Chapter 1. Historic Overview of Survey Area The agricultural economy of central Nebraska con- two territories.6