`M M271 Redbridge Roundabout Improvement PCF Stages 3 and 5 Environmental Assessment Report ENVIR ONMEN TAL ASSESSM ENT R EPORT Sept 2018 Registered office Bridge House, 1 Walnut Tree Close, Guildford GU1 4LZ Highways England Company Limited registered in England and Wales number 09346363 Contents Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 4 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Overview of the Project ............................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Purpose of the Environmental Assessment Report .................................................................................... 5 1.3 Legislation and Policy Framework .............................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Consenting Route ..................................................................................................................................... 12 1.5 The Developer and Designer .................................................................................................................... 12 2. The Project............................................................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Need for the Project .................................................................................................................................. 14 2.2 Project Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 14 2.3 Project Location ........................................................................................................................................ 15 2.4 Project Description .................................................................................................................................... 15 2.5 Construction, Operation and Long Term Management ............................................................................ 16 2.6 Design Considerations .............................................................................................................................. 17 3. Alternatives Considered ......................................................................................................................... 21 3.1 Options Considered in PCF Stage 0 ......................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Options Considered in PCF Stage 1 ......................................................................................................... 21 3.3 Options Considered in PCF Stage 2 ......................................................................................................... 21 4. Environmental Assessment Methodology ........................................................................................... 23 4.1 Scoping ..................................................................................................................................................... 23 4.2 Surveys and Predictive Techniques, and Methods................................................................................... 24 4.3 General Assessment Assumptions and Limitations ................................................................................. 24 4.4 Significance Criteria .................................................................................................................................. 25 4.5 Mitigation and Enhancement .................................................................................................................... 26 5. Air Quality ................................................................................................................................................ 28 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 28 5.2 Legislative and Policy Framework ............................................................................................................ 28 5.3 Study Area ................................................................................................................................................ 30 5.4 Baseline Environment ............................................................................................................................... 31 5.5 Methodology and Assessment Criteria ..................................................................................................... 36 5.6 Assessment Assumptions and Limitations ............................................................................................... 45 5.7 Potential Effects ........................................................................................................................................ 46 5.8 Design, Mitigation and Enhancement Measures ...................................................................................... 51 5.9 Residual Effects ........................................................................................................................................ 51 6. Cultural Heritage ..................................................................................................................................... 52 7. Landscape and Visual ............................................................................................................................ 53 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 53 7.2 Legislative and Policy Framework ............................................................................................................ 53 7.3 Study Area ................................................................................................................................................ 55 7.4 Baseline Environment ............................................................................................................................... 56 7.5 Methodology and Assessment Criteria ..................................................................................................... 60 7.6 Assessment Assumptions and Limitations ............................................................................................... 61 Registered office Bridge House, 1 Walnut Tree Close, Guildford GU1 4LZ Highways England Company Limited registered in England and Wales number 09346363 M271 Redbridge Roundabout Improvement PCF Stages 3 and 5 Environmental Assessment Report 7.7 Potential Effects ........................................................................................................................................ 62 7.8 Design, Mitigation and Enhancement Measures ...................................................................................... 62 7.9 Residual Effects ........................................................................................................................................ 63 8. Biodiversity.............................................................................................................................................. 70 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 70 8.2 Legislative and Policy Framework ............................................................................................................ 71 8.3 Study Area ................................................................................................................................................ 71 8.4 Baseline Environment ............................................................................................................................... 71 8.5 Methodology and Assessment Criteria ..................................................................................................... 75 8.6 Assessment Assumptions and Limitations ............................................................................................... 76 8.7 Potential Effects ........................................................................................................................................ 77 8.8 Design, Mitigation and Enhancement Measures ...................................................................................... 80 8.9 Residual Effects ........................................................................................................................................ 80 9. Geology and Soils ................................................................................................................................... 81 9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 81 9.2 Legislative and Policy Framework ............................................................................................................ 81 9.3 Study Area ................................................................................................................................................ 82 9.4 Baseline