Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research Volume 5 2019 Volume 5 Full Contents BJUR Staff Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/bjur Recommended Citation Staff, BJUR (2019) "Volume 5 Full Contents," Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research: Vol. 5 , Article 12. Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/bjur/vol5/iss1/12 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate Scholarship at Digital Commons @ Butler University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Butler University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BUTLER JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH VOLUME 5 APRIL 2019 Silence and Scream: Women’s Options and Oppressions in Maghrebi Cinema 1 Genevieve Berendt, University of Minnesota Morris Mentor: Sarah Buchanan Exploring a Mechanism Underlying Stereotype Threat in ADHD 27 Alexandra Gabor, Matt Klem, Butler University Mentor: Tara Lineweaver Fight for America's Kids: A Discussion on K-12 Teacher Tenure 46 Nicholas Huang, Butler University Mentor: Jason Lantzer Essay 1 on Ali Smith’s Autumn: The Effects of Art and Insight 70 Brooke Koritala, Southern Methodist University Mentor: LeeAnn Derdeyn Beyond the Looking Glass: Heaven and Earth Mirrored in Early South Asian Literature 77 Dana Maller, Georgia College & State University Mentor: Matthew Milligan Essay 2 on Ali Smith’s Autumn: Establishing Ethical Dialogues 95 Jackson Miller, Southern Methodist University Mentor: LeeAnn Derdeyn Effects of Gesture on Recollection and Description of Auditory and Visual Stimuli 101 Mary Richards, Butler University Mentor: Tonya Bergeson-Dana Electra Heart's Provocative Performance: Challenging Hegemonic Masculinity through Juxtaposition 118 Emily Stark, Butler University Mentor: Dacia Charlesworth The Comedia Normannorum: Norman Identity and Historiography in the 11th-12th Centuries 131 Patrick Stroud, Wabash College Mentor: Stephen Morillo Communicating Mental Illness in the Black American Community 164 Felecia Wilkins, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Mentor: Etsuko Kinefuchi INAUGURAL EDITOR DESIGN EDITOR Kenneth D. Colburn, Jr. Jennifer Raye Department of Sociology and Butler University Libraries Criminology Butler University Butler University [email protected] 4600 Sunset Avenue Indianapolis, IN 46208 COPY EDITOR [email protected] Stephanie R.S. Stringham CO-EDITOR Tara T. 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The journal is national in scope, multidisciplinary, and seeks to publish the best empirical and scholarly research available from undergraduate students anywhere. Submission of original, scholarly research articles is open to undergraduates from any accredited college and university. The publication of the Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research is designed to build upon and strengthen Butler’s commitment to quality undergraduate research by providing an outlet for the publication of outstanding undergraduate scholarship. BJUR recognizes and supports diverse disciplines, perspectives and methods across the social sciences, natural and life sciences, the arts and humanities. The Journal publishes papers that represent original research undertaken by a student or students during their undergraduate career. BJUR is committed to intellectual integrity, rigorous standards of scholarship, and rational and civil discourse. It seeks to foster open and critical inquiry that privileges no particular disciplinary standpoint while operating within the limits of a standard of scientific, scholarly and empirical discourse committed to the pursuit of knowledge and truth. While every effort is made to publish issues that represent a fair balance of scholarship across the entire spectrum of undergraduate studies, the Journal’s first priority is always to publish the best undergraduate research available at any given time regardless of disciplinary representation. POWERED BY © 2019 Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research digitalcommons.butler.edu/bjur BUTLER JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH, VOLUME 5 SILENCE AND SCREAM: WOMEN’S OPTIONS AND OPPRESSIONS IN MAGHREBI CINEMA GENEVIEVE BERNDT, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MORRIS MENTOR: SARAH BUCHANAN Introduction Francophone Maghrebian cinema concerns films from Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco. All three are very distinct countries, yet all share a strong history and cinematic tradition. All were originally French colonies that gained independence in the 1950s and 1960s. Although in the beginning, it had to rely on foreign, especially French, support, Maghrebian cinema is emerging as an independent and self-sustaining art through government support. Maghrebian cinema’s strongest style is its use of realism, especially in representing social issues that continue to affect the countries today. Nationalistic films were popular in the beginning of Maghrebian cinema, especially ones portraying independence, such as Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina’s Chronique des années de braise (Algeria, 1975). Realism has more recently been specifically centered around women and women’s issues in the Maghreb and “has been strengthened by the emergence of a new generation born after independence, with a quarter of the younger filmmakers now being women” (Armes 1). Films such as Les Silences du palais (1994), Rachida (2002), and L’Enfant endormi (2004) are all part of this genre that exploded in the 1990s with the emergence of famous female directors such as Moufida Tlatli, Yamina Bachir- Chouikh, and Yasmine Kassari, who directed the films mentioned above. Although women in Maghrebian cinema are commonly represented in positions in which they are oppressed and silenced, they are not passive but rather break the silence in moments of duress using screams. The women use screams to address their oppression, and the other women in the scenes use silence to create space for the screams. The silence and screams subversively stand out to counteract the oppression through verbal and nonverbal means. These three films—Les Silences du palais, Rachida, and L’Enfant endormi—all include compelling scenes that show this active opposition. 1 BUTLER JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH, VOLUME 5 Summary of Films Les Silences du palais (Moufida Tlatli, Tunisia, 1994) is set in 1950s Tunisia. The film is about 25-year-old Alia, who returns to the place where she was born, the house of the bey where her mother worked as a servant and as a mistress. Alia returns to the house for a funeral, and while she is there, she is reminded of her childhood in the home. The film includes nine flashbacks in which Alia’s traumatic childhood is shown in detail. Throughout the flashbacks, we see Alia confronted with the sexual exploitation of her mother. At the same time, she begins to come into her own sexuality and question the identity of her father. While Alia comes to terms with her past, she questions her future. Her lover, Lotfi, has asked her to have another abortion, and Alia is unsure. In the flashbacks, as well as the present, Alia questions her independence and her sexuality. L’Enfant endormi (Yasmine Kassari, Morocco, 2004) is a Moroccan film set in the Atlas Mountains. In this film, the day after Zeinab is married, her husband and most of the other men in the village leave for Spain to find work. Shortly after learning she is pregnant, Zeinab makes her fetus “sleep,” which in this Berber culture means that the baby will stop developing and Zeinab will remain pregnant until the return of