OREGON STATE COLLEGE Warm Springs ResearchProject Final Report VOLUME IV: WATER RESOURCES Part 1.Report andRecommendati Decent OREGON STATE COLLEGE WAR,1 SPRINtS RESEARCH PILOJECT VOLUUE IV: WATER RESOURCES by Elmon E. Yoder, B0S. Department of Civil Engineering Part 1: Report and Recommendations This volume is part of the final report ofa study made by Oregon State College for the Confederated Tribes of the Warm SpringsReservation of Oregon. The remainder of the report is contained in the following: Volume I: Introduction and Survey of HumanResources; Volume II: Education; Volume III: TheAgricultural Economy; Volume IV: Water Resources, Part 2: Appendices andBibliography; Volume V: Physical Resources. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I IITRODUCTION Chapter Section 1-1: Synopsis Page 1-1 1 Contents of Report 1 1-1.2 Ground Water 1-1.3 Surface Water 1-1.4 Duty of Water 2 Section 1-2: Objectives 1-2.1 Purpose 2 1-2.2 Immediate Objective 2 1-2.3 Long Range Objective 2 Section 1-3: Organization of Report 1-3.1 Report Content 1-3.2 Chapter Content Section 1-4: Method of Investigation 1-4.1 Source of Data 4 1-4.5 Adequacy of Data 5 1-4.6 Extension of Data 5 CHAPTER II HYDROLOGY OF GROUND WATER Section 2-1: History of Investigations 2-1.1 Existing Ground Water Data 2-1.3 Work of the U. S. Geological Survey Section 2-2: Classification of Sub-Surface Water 2-2.1 Interstitial and Internal Water 6 2-2.2 External Interstitial Water 1 2-2.3 Zone of Aeration 7 2-2.4 Perched Water 7 2-2.5 Zone of Saturation 7 2-2,6 Classification by Texture and Structure of Aquifer 7 Section 2-3: Duty of Water 2-3.1 Domestic Use 8 2-3.2 Irrigation and Stock 8 2-3.3 Industry 8 2-3.4 Re-use of Water 8 ii Section 2-4: Quality of Ground Water 2-4.1 Stability of Quality 8 2-4.2 Temperature 8 2-4.3 Mineralization 9 Section 2-5: Pollution of Ground Water 2-5.1 General Condition of Water 9 2-5.2 Travel of Polluting Agents 10 2-5.3 Rock Texture 10 2-5.4 Clay and Shale 10 2-5.5 Sand and Gravel 10 2-5.6 Till 10 2-5.7 Fractures 10 Section 2-6: Occurrence of Ground Water 2-6.1 RockPorosity 11 2-6.2 Permeability 11 2-6.5 Other Factors 11 2-6.6 RockOrigin 12 2-6.7 RockStructure 12 2-68 Formations of Uniform Distribution 12 2-6.9 Formations of Non-Uniform Distribution 12 2-6.11 Depth of Ground Water 13 2-6.12 Climate 13 2-6.13 Tabular Summary ; 13 Section 2-7: The Water-Table 2-7.1 Definition 13 2-7.2 Capillary Fringe 13 2-7.3 Film Forces 14 2-7.4 Effect of Varying Permeability 14 2-7.6 Relation to Topography 14 2-7.7 Water-Table Maps 14 2-7.8 Effluent andInfluentSeepage 14 2-7.9 Ground Water Trench 15 2-7.10 Ground Water Mound 15 2-7.11 Water-Table Fluctuations 15 Section 2-8: Movement of Sub-Surface Water 2-8.1 Zone of Aeration 16 2-8.2 Zone of Saturation 16 2-8.3 Relation of Water-Table Slope, Velocity and Permeability 16 Section 2-9: Occurrence of Ground Water in Different Types of Rocks 2-9.1 Dense Igneous Rock 16 2-9.2 Lava 17 iii 2-9.3 Basaltic Lava 17 2-9.4 Rhyolitic Lava 17 2-9,5 Ash 17 2-9.6 Clay 17 2-9.8 Shale and Slate 18 2-9.9 Till 18 2-9.10 Sand and Gravel 18 2-9.11 Conglomerates and Breccias 18 2-9.12 Alluvium 18 2-9.13 Limestone 19 Section 2-10: Free and Confined Ground Water 2-10.1 Free Ground Water 19 2-10.3 Confined Ground Water 19 2-10.5 Confined Ground Water Classification 20 2-10.6 Free Flowing Artesian Conditions 20 Section 2-11: Ground Water Recharge 2-11.1 Time of Natural Recharge 20 2-11,3 Geologic Factors 21 2-11.8 Water Spreading 21 Section 2-12: Transpiration and Evaporation 2-12.1 Evaporation 22 2-12.2 Transpiration 22 2-12.3 Determining Rates 22 CHAPTER III HYDROLOGY OF GROUND WATERFROM SPRINGS Section 3-1: Classification of Springs 3-1.2 Classification by Size 23 3-1.3 Classification by Formation 23 3-1.5 Classification by Continuity of Flow 24 3-1.6 Gravity, Artesian, Seepage, Tubular, and Fissure Springs 24 3-1.7 Contact Springs 24 3-1.8 Thermal Springs 24 Section 3-2: Occurrence of Springs 3-2.1 Factors Effecting Spring Flow 25 3-2.2 Hydraulic Gradient 25 3-2.3 Origin of Spring Water 25 3-2.4 Seepage 25 3-2.6 Capillarity 25 Section 3-3: Spring Development 3-3.1 Increasing Discharge by Development 26 3-3.3 Estimating Discharge 26 3-3.4 Development Practices 26 iv Section 3-4: Contamination and Protection 3-4.1 Destruction by Stock Access 27 3-4.2 Effect of Permeability 28 3-4.3 Effect of Surface Drainage 28 3-4.5 Pollution Through Lids and Covers 28 3-4.7 Danger of Lead Conduit 28 CHAPTER IV HYDROLOGY OF WELLS Section 4-1: Classification of Wells 4-1.1 Classification by Method of Sinking 29 4-1.2 Classification by Type of Finishing 29 4-1.4 Classification by Position of Water-Table 29 4-1.5 Other Methods of Classification 30 Section 4-2: Methods for Locating Proposed Wells 4-2.1 Water-Witching and Dowsing 30 4-2.3 Geological Field Data and Well Log Interpretation 30 4-2.10 Test Holes 32 4-2.13 Geophysical Methods 33 Section 4-3: Well Logs 4-3.1 The Importance of Well Logs 34 4-3.2 Accuracy of the Log 34 Section 4-4: Drilling Methods and Equipment 4-4.1 Dug Wells 34 4-4.4 Bored Wells 35 4-4.6 Driven Wells 35 4-4.10 Hydraulic Rotary Drilled Wells 36 4-4.13 Percussion Drilled Wells 37 4-4.17 Well Development 37 Section 4-5: Water-Table Wells 4-5.1 Definition and Behavior 38 4-5.2 Testing of Water-Table Wells 39 4-5.3 Movement of Water in the Cone of Depression 39 4-5.4 Interference 39 Section 4-6: Confined Wells 4-6.1 Definition and Behavior 39 4-6.2 Movement of Water in the Cone of Pressure Relief 40 4-6.3 Elastic and Non-Elastic Formations 40 Section 4-7: Perched Water Wells 4-7.1 Definition and Behavior 40 4-7.2 Perched Water on Volcanic Ash or Tuff 40 Section 4-8: Factors Influencing Discharge of Wells 4-8.1 Aquifer Characteristics 41 4-8.2 Mathematical Expressions for Well Yield 41 4-8.3 Relation of Well Diameter to Yield 41 4-8.7 Relation of Well Depth to Yield 42 4-8.10 Casing Perforations 43 Section 4-9: Well Contamination 4-9.1 Contamination from Wells 43 4-9.2 Sealing 43 CHAPTER V CLIMATOLOGY OF THE RESERVATION Section 5-1: Records 5-1.1 Weather Stations on the Reservation 45 5-1.2 Weather Stations Adjacent to the Reservation 45 5-1.3 Compilations 45 Section 5-2: Climatic Conditions 5-2.1 General Description 45 5-2.2 Easterly Portion of Reservation 45 5-2.5 Plateaus and Bench Lands 46 5-2.6 Lower Mountain Slopes 46 5-2.7 Cascade Range 46 Section 5-3: Summary 5-3.1 Annual Precipitation 46 5-3.2 Seasonal Distribution 46 5-3.3 Growing Season 46 5-3.4 Supplemental Water 46 CHAPTER VI SURFACE RUN-OFF OF STREAMS BOUNDING AND WITHIN THERESERVATION Section 6-1: Stream Gaging Stations 6-1.1 Stations on the Metolius and Deschutes Rivers 47 6-1.2 Stations on Streams Flowing Across the Reservation 47 6-1.4 Tabulation of Gaging Stations 47 vi Section 6-2: Watershed and Drainage 6-2.1 Deachutes River 47 6-2.5 Metolius River 48 6-2.7 Warm Springs River 48 6-2.11 Badger Creek 49 6-2.13 Miii Creek 50 6-2.15 Middle and Boulder Creek 50 6-2.16 Beaver Creek 50 6-2.18 Butte Creek and Coyote Creek 51 6-2.19 Shitike Creek 51 6-2.22 Seekseequa Creek 51 6-2.24 Whitewater River 52 6-2.27 Jefferson Creek 52 Section 6-3: Water Quality 6-3.1 Debris and Detrital Material 53 6-3.2 Water Temperature 53 6-3.4 Dissolved Solids 53 6-3.8 Bacteriological Quality 54 6-3.10 Fish and Recreation 54 Section 6-4: Summary 6-4.1 Records 55 6-4.2 Discharge Patterns 55 6-4.3 Topography and Gradient 55 Section 6-5: Recommendations 6-5.1 Discharge Data 55 6-5.2 Utilization 55 CHAPTER VII GEOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING OCCUR- RENCE OF WATER WITHIN THE RESERVATION Section 7-1: Stratigraphy 7-1.1 The Clarno Formation 56 7-1.7 The John Day Formation 57 7-1.14 The Columbia River Basalt 58 7-1.18 The Dalles-Madras-Deschutes Formation 59 7-1.25 The Cascan Formation 60 7-1.27 The Intra-canyon Formation 61 7-1.30 Alluvium 62 Section 7-2: Rock Texture and Structure 7-2.1 Igneous Rocks of the Reservation 62 7-2.2 Andesite 62 vii 7-2.5 Rhyolite 63 7-2.8 Basalt 63 Section 7-3: Topography 7-3.1 Drainage and Land Features 66 7-3.3 Water-Table 66 Section 7-4: Occurrence of Water in the Formations 7-4.1 The Clarno Formation 66 7-4.4 The John Day Formation 67 7-4.6 The Columbia River Basalt 68 7-4.8 The Dalles-Madras-Degchutes Formations 68 7-4.13 The Cascan Formation 69 7-4.15 The Intra-canyon Formation 70 7-4.16 Alluvium 70 Section 7-5: Summary 7-5.1 Topography 70 7-5.2 Stratigraphy 70 7-5.3 Clarno 70 7-5.4 John Day 70 7-5.5 Columbia River 70 7-5.6 The Dalles 71 7-5.7 The Cascan 71 7-5.8 Intra-canyon 71 7-5.9 Aquifers on Reservation 71 7-5.10 Surface Permeability 71 CHAPTER viii SPRINGS ON THE RESERVATION Section 8-1: Records and Source of Data 8-1.1 Existing Data 72 8-1.2 Inventory, 1959 72 8-1.5 Inventory Tabulation 73 Section 8-2: Classification 8-2.1 Size 73 8-2.5 Formation 73 8-2.12 Continuity of Flow 74 8-2.15 Artesian Springs 75 8-2.16 Thermal Springs 75 Section 8-3: Occurrence of Springs 8-3.1 Regional Distribution 76 8-3.4 Topographic Distribution 76 viii 8-3.7 Geologic Structure and Texture 77 Section 8-4: Water Quality 8-4.1 Hardness 77 8-4.2 Turbidity 78 8-4.3 Pollution 78 Section 8-5: Duty of Spring Water 8-5.1 Domestic 78 8-5.2 Stock 79 8-5.3 Irrigation 79 Section 8-6: Present Development 8-6.1 Domestic 79 8-6.5 Stock 80 8-6.9 Cost of Development 80 Section 8-7: Future Development 8-7.1 Domestic 81 8-7.3 Stock 81 8-7.6 Spring Development vs.