OCCASIONAL PAPER 47 Is Imperialism a Relevant Concept in Today’s World? Subhanil Chowdhury March 2015 INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES KOLKATA DD 27/D, Sector I, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700 064 Phone : +91 33 2321-3120/21 Fax : +91 33 2321-3119 E-mail : [email protected], Website: www.idsk.edu.in Is Imperialism a Relevant Concept in Today’s World? Subhanil Chowdhury1 Abstract This paper explores some aspects of the imperialism/empire/new imperialism debate and looks at whether imperialism remains to be a valid theoretical category in analyzing contemporary economics and politics. Stylized facts about the contemporary world economy are enumerated on the basis of macroeconomic data, which map the changing political economy of imperialism, from ‘old’ to ‘new’. I. Introduction It can be argued, as has been argued by many scholars, including Marxists, that imperialism as a concept of political economy and understanding the world that we live in, has become obsolete today. This assertion can be made on the basis of a set of (not necessarily mutually exclusive) arguments about the contemporary world. Let us first enumerate these arguments in no particular order of priority. (a) Spatial Dimension: It can be argued that a division of the world into two clear segments, with one oppressing the other, is no longer valid. Hardt and Negri in their well acclaimed book Empire say that, “we find the First World in the Third, the Third in the First, and the Second almost nowhere at all”.2 In other words, a distinction of the kind 1. Assistant Professor of Economics, IDSK. The author would like to acknowledge a research grant from the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), for working on the theme, ‘Imperialism in the Current Era’. Special thanks to Prasenjit Bose for providing key insights for writing the paper. 2. Empire, Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Harvard University Press, 2000. 4 Is Imperialism a Relevant Concept that could have been talked about during the colonial era or even during the post-colonial era till the 1970s, of a world which can be distinctly divided into an advanced and a backward section is no more valid. Moreover, the argument does not deny the existence of the third world per se, but asserts that that existence is an inheritance from the past and currently, there is no section of the world oppressing the other. Theories of imperialism ranging from Rosa Luxemburg to Lenin have emphasized on imperialism as being a structure whereby the advanced capitalist countries oppress the poorer third world countries. In Rosa Luxemburg’s theory, capitalism cannot exist as an isolated system and needs a pre-capitalist sector for realizing its surplus value. In order to do so, capitalism continuously attacks the pre- capitalist sector for its own growth and survival. Geographically, bulk of this pre-capitalist sector is located in the third world countries. This oppression of the pre- capitalist sector by the capitalist sector, or the oppression of the third world countries by the advanced countries is what constitutes imperialism in Luxemburg’s theory.3 Lenin too talked about the oppression of the majority of the people of the colonies by the advanced countries in his book Imperialism.4 Therefore, if it is no longer the case that there is a spatial distinction between a set of countries who oppress another set of countries, then imperialism as a category undoubtedly loses its significance. (b) Decolonization: The process of decolonization of the erstwhile colonies has been completed. Clearly, today, the colonies or today’s developing countries are politically independent. Lenin was talking about a time when the 3. For a detailed discussion on Rosa Luxemburg’s theory of imperialism see The Value of Money, Prabhat Patnaik, Tulika Press, 2008. 4. Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism, V.I. Lenin, Leftword Books, 2000. in Today’s World? 5 capitalist countries in aid of their respective nation-state based monopoly capital were marking out territories for exploitation. This entire architecture, at least at the political level, does not exist anymore. This marks an important departure from the world conjuncture in Lenin’s time. (c) Capitalist Development in Developing Countries: There has been a set of arguments in various strands of Marxist thought, which talked about imperialism retarding the development of capitalism in developing countries. Paul Baran in his book The Political Economy of Growth5 argues that because a significant part of the surplus of the developing countries has been siphoned off by the advanced countries through imperialism, the capitalist development in the first set of countries has got adversely affected. The entire dependency school essentially argues that the underdevelopment in the periphery is a direct result of the development in the metropolis. In other words, it is imperialism which denies capitalist development in the periphery. It can be argued that this entire theoretical structure of imperialism has become invalid. There is significant capitalist development in the developing countries of today. For example, in China there has been massive capitalist development with the country now being the second largest economy and the highest exporter in the world. Even in India, there has been significant capitalist development.6 This can be further buttressed by the fact that China 5. The Political Economy of Growth, Paul Baran, Monthly Review Press, 1957 6. For a detailed discussion on the recent debates on developments in India and China, see Transformation and Development: The Political Economy of Transition in India and China, Amiya Kumar Bagchi and Anthony P. D’Costa (Editors), Oxford University Press, 2012. For a critique of the Chinese growth process, see China and Socialism: Market Reforms and Class Struggle, Martin Hart- Landsberg & Paul Burkett, Aakar, 2006. 6 Is Imperialism a Relevant Concept currently has 152 dollar billionaires which is the second highest in the world, after USA.7 In the list of Fortune 500 companies of 2013, there were 89 companies from China, again ranking second only after the USA. India had 8 companies in the list, same as that of Italy, Australia, etc.8 The cities of countries like India, China, Brazil, etc are comparable to the mega cities located in advanced capitalist countries. The economies of these countries are located within the overall circuit of global capital, through globalization. As a result, these economies have access to global finance, markets and technology. Therefore, imperialism thwarting capitalist development of developing countries is no longer true in today’s world, at least for a set of significantly large countries. (d) International Division of Labour: It was argued by many theories of Marxist and other persuasions that imperialism essentially imposed an international division of labour whereby the world economy could be envisaged as being divided into two segments—the developing countries producing primary commodities and the developed countries producing manufacturing commodities.9 This idea of international division of labour has also become irrelevant in the current era. Currently, we are witnessing countries like China, or other countries of East Asia emerging as major manufacturing hub in the world. If we consider developing countries as a whole, then it is seen that the share of manufactured goods in the total exports of developing countries has increased from 5.1% in 1960 to 34.2% in 2006.10 Therefore, it can be concluded that the 7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_the_ number_of_US_dollar_billionaires 8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Global_500 9. See ‘Accumulation and stability under Capitalism’ by Prabhat Pattanaik, Clarendon Press, 1997 10. “Developing Countries in the World Economy: The Future in the Past?”, Deepak Nayyar, WIDER Annual Lecture 12, 23 February 2009 in Today’s World? 7 earlier notion of developing countries exporting only primary commodities is no longer true. (e) Issue of capital flows and FDI: Earlier it was the case that capital from the developed countries was wary in investing in developing countries because of a number of factors.11 But now, with globalization there is a free flow of capital across the world and the developing countries have become a preferred destination for capital inflows. According to the World Investment Report 2012, in 2011, China was the most preferred destination for inward FDI followed by the USA and India. Other developing countries like Indonesia, Brazil, Thailand, Vietnam figure within the top 15 preferred FDI destinations in the world. According to the same report, in 2011, developing and transition economies accounted for 50.9% of total FDI inflows. East, South-east and South Asia together accounted for 24.6% of total FDI inflows. Therefore, the earlier idea that FDI does not flow in easily to developing countries is no more valid. This inflow of FDI in the developing countries also helps in the development of capitalism in these economies. (f) Role of the third world bourgeoisie: With the coming into dominance of capitalism in the third world countries, the big bourgeoisie of these countries have become major players in the international market. As has been already noted, within the richest bourgeoisie in the world, China and India have a very high number. These companies have global ambitions and are operating across the globe both in the financial as well as the industrial sector. For example, a company like the Tata Motors from India has bought off the Jaguar company, one of the leading automobile companies in the world, located in the UK.12 The Indian company Reliance has a worldwide reach and is 11. For a discussion on this argument, see Accumulation and Stability under Capitalism, Prabhat Patnaik Clarendon Press, 1997 12. TATA buys Jaguar in 1.15 billion pounds deal, BBC News, 26th March, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7313380.stm 8 Is Imperialism a Relevant Concept engaged in oil and gas exploration all across the globe.