Electrical Energy Systems (Power Applications of Electricity) Summary of selected topics from University of Washington course EE 351: Energy Systems taught Fall 2015 by Prof. Baosen Zhang (BXZ) compiled by Michael C. McGoodwin (MCM). Content last updated 5/17/2016 Table of Contents Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Book chapters included in the course {and/or discussed in this summary} .................................... 3 History and Basic Science ............................................................................................................................ 4 Notable Persons in the History of Electricity ........................................................................................ 4 Voltage ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Current and Charge ............................................................................................................................ 5 Relating Voltage, Current, and Power .................................................................................................. 6 Resistance and Conductance, Resistance of a Wire (Pouillet's law) ....................................................... 6 Ohm’s Law (relating V, I, and R) and Power P ...................................................................................... 7 Voltage Divider Circuit Showing Voltage Drop from Line Resistance ..................................................... 8 Alternating Current Phases and Analysis ...................................................................................................... 9 AC Nomenclature and Symbols ..................................................................................................... 9 Alternating Current Waveform Equation ...................................................................................... 10 RMS AC Voltage V ...................................................................................................................... 10 Phasors, Complex Impedance, and Phase Shifts from Inductors and Capacitors ................................. 12 Phasors ...................................................................................................................................... 12 Resistors .................................................................................................................................... 12 Inductors.................................................................................................................................... 13 Capacitors .................................................................................................................................. 14 Complex Impedance .................................................................................................................... 16 Power ......................................................................................................................................... 17 Three-Phase Systems ........................................................................................................................ 18 Advantages of 3-phase over single-phase ..................................................................................... 19 Disadvantages of 3-phase over single-phase ................................................................................ 19 3-Phase Circuit Diagrams: .......................................................................................................... 20 3-phase Current ......................................................................................................................... 22 3-phase Power ............................................................................................................................ 22 Energy Resources and Overall Energy Utilization ........................................................................................ 23 Primary Energy Sources .............................................................................................................. 23 Conversion of Primary Sources to Secondary Energy Carriers ...................................................... 24 Utilization of Energy Resources in the US in 2014 ....................................................................... 26 Overall Electrical Generation in the US and World ....................................................................... 28 Overview of AC Electrical Generation, Transmission and Distribution ......................................................... 30 Hydroelectric Power Plants ......................................................................................................................... 30 Hydroelectric Power Plant (HE PP) Capacity and Production ......................................................... 31 Largest hydroelectric plants in the world (compared to selected US plants) ................................... 31 Terminology ................................................................................................................................ 32 Types of HE PPs .......................................................................................................................... 32 Categories of turbines and how they are selected ......................................................................... 35 Impulse Turbines (mostly Pelton) ................................................................................................ 35 Reaction Turbines ....................................................................................................................... 37 Fossil Fuel Power Plants ............................................................................................................................. 40 Thermal (Thermodynamic) Cycle ................................................................................................. 41 Types of Turbines (aka “Prime Movers”) used in Thermal Power Plants ......................................... 45 Efficiency of Thermal Power Plants .............................................................................................. 48 Page 1 of 116 !EnergySystems_EE351_MCM_Fall2015.docx 17 May 2016 Nuclear Power Plants ................................................................................................................................. 52 Fuel ........................................................................................................................................... 53 Nuclear Power Plant Design ........................................................................................................ 57 Renewable Energy Resources ..................................................................................................................... 59 Electrical Transmission .............................................................................................................................. 59 US Electric Transmission Grid .................................................................................................... 59 Categories of Transmission Voltage ............................................................................................. 60 Transmission and Distribution Line Conductors .......................................................................... 60 Bundled High Voltage Conductors ............................................................................................... 61 Typical Double Circuit High Voltage Power Line Configuration and Power Transmitted ................. 61 Transmission Line Inductive Reactance ....................................................................................... 62 Power Electronics ....................................................................................................................................... 64 Diodes ........................................................................................................................................ 65 Bipolar Junction Transistors BJT ................................................................................................ 66 Silicon Controlled Rectifiers SCR ................................................................................................. 69 Transformers ............................................................................................................................................. 74 Electric Machines (Motors and Generators) ................................................................................................. 84 Motors .............................................................................................................................................. 84 Synchronous Generators .................................................................................................................. 94 Electrical Safety ......................................................................................................................................... 95 Human Electrical Shock Physiology............................................................................................. 95 Ground Resistance, Ground Potential, Ground Potential