OFFICIAL Wai 900, A14 WAI 900 East Coast Inquiry District: An Overview of Crown- Maori Relations 1840-1986 A Scoping Report Commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal Wendy Hart November 2007 Contents Tables...................................................................................................................................................................5 Maps ....................................................................................................................................................................5 Images..................................................................................................................................................................5 Preface.................................................................................................................................................................6 The Author.......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................................ 6 Note regarding style........................................................................................................................................... 6 Abbreviations...................................................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter One: Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.1. The East Coast Inquiry .............................................................................................................................. 9 1.2. The Commission......................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3. Origin of the Commission........................................................................................................................ 9 1.4. Structure of this Scoping Report ............................................................................................................ 13 1.5. Methodology and Sources ....................................................................................................................... 13 1.6. Issues Identified by Claimants................................................................................................................. 16 1.6.1. The ‘Rongowhakaata Rohe’ Claim (Wai 684) .................................................................................... 16 1.6.2. ‘Patutahu, Muhunga and Other Lands and Resources’ Claim (Wai 892)...................................... 17 1.6.3. The ‘Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti Iwi’ Claim (Wai 976)................................................................................. 17 1.6.4. The ‘Te Runanga O Te Whanau Land and Resources’ Claim (Wai 1198)..................................... 18 1.6.5. The Ruawaipu ‘Economic Crimes’ Claim (Wai 1271) ...................................................................... 18 1.6.6. The Ruawaipu ‘Incarceration’ Claim (Wai 1284)............................................................................... 19 1.6.7. The Ruawaipu ‘Income Tax and Revenue’ Claim (Wai 1285)......................................................... 19 1.6.8. The Ruawaipu ‘Maori Development’ Claim (Wai 1286) .................................................................. 20 1.6.9. The Ruawaipu ‘Maori Land Court’ Claim (Wai 1287) ...................................................................... 21 1.6.10. The Ruawaipu ‘Rangatiratanga’ Claim (Wai 1288)..........................................................................21 1.6.11. The Ruawaipu ‘Colonisation’ Claim (Wai 1289).............................................................................. 22 1.6.12. The Ruawaipu ‘Lands’ Claim (Wai 1291) ......................................................................................... 24 1.6.13. The ‘Te Whanau a Tapaeururangi o Ruawaipu’ Claim (Wai 1300)............................................... 24 1.6.14. The ‘Nga Uri o Ruawaipu’ Claim (Wai 1301) .................................................................................. 24 1.6.15. The ‘Ruawaipu General Legislation’ Claim (Wai 1318).................................................................. 25 1.6.16. Te Whanau a Kahu Claim (Wai 1319) .............................................................................................. 26 1.6.17. The Ruawaipu ‘Constitution Act 1986’ Claim (Wai 1335)............................................................. 26 1.6.18. The Ruawaipu ‘Letters Patent 1983’ Claim (Wai 1336).................................................................. 27 1.7. Summary of key themes presented in the Statements of Claim ......................................................... 27 Part A: Political Relationship Overview ......................................................................................................29 Chapter Two: Political Autonomy, Governance and Representation .................................................... 29 2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................ 29 2.2. Overview.................................................................................................................................................... 29 2.2.1. Political Issues Focus Questions 1840s-1860s................................................................................... 29 2.2.2. Existing Research and Sources 1840s-1860s...................................................................................... 30 2.2.3. Political Issues Focus Questions 1870s-1890s................................................................................... 38 2.2.4. Existing Research and Sources 1870s-1890s...................................................................................... 39 2.2.5. Political Issues Focus Questions 1900-1945 ...................................................................................... 41 2.2.6. Existing Research and Sources 1900-1945......................................................................................... 42 2.2.7. Political Issues Focus Questions 1945-1986 ...................................................................................... 44 2.2.8. Existing Research and Sources 1945-1986......................................................................................... 44 2.3. Conclusions and Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 48 Chapter Three: East Coast Maori and Exile to the Chatham Islands/Wharekauri ................................. 51 3.1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................... 51 3.1.1. Claims...................................................................................................................................................... 51 3.2. Overview.................................................................................................................................................... 53 3.2.1. Exile to the Chatham Islands Focus Questions................................................................................. 53 3.2.2. Existing Research and Sources ............................................................................................................ 53 3.3. Conclusions and Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 65 Chapter Four: Overview of Constitutional Arrangements ..................................................................... 68 4.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................ 68 4.1.1. Claims...................................................................................................................................................... 68 4.2. Overview.................................................................................................................................................... 70 2 4.2.1 Constitutional Arrangements Focus Questions.................................................................................. 70 4.2.2. Existing Research and Sources ............................................................................................................ 70 4.3. Conclusions and Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 77 Chapter Five: Electoral Participation and Representation ..................................................................... 79 5.1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................... 79 5.2. Overview (National Level Electoral Participation and Representation) ........................................... 79 5.2.1. National Level Focus Questions.......................................................................................................... 79 5.2.2. Existing Research and Sources 1840s-1860s....................................................................................