THE PREHISPANIC TEWA WORLD: SPACE, TIME, AND BECOMING IN THE PUEBLO SOUTHWEST By Samuel Gregg Duwe ____________________ Copyright © Samuel Gregg Duwe 2011 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2011 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Samuel Gregg Duwe entitled The Prehispanic Tewa World: Space, Time, and Becoming in the Pueblo Southwest and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________ Date: 5/17/2011 Barbara J. Mills _______________________________________________ Date: 5/17/2011 E. Charles Adams _______________________________________________ Date: 5/17/2011 Severin M. Fowles _______________________________________________ Date: 5/17/2011 Daniela Triadan Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contigent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hearby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. _______________________________________________ Date: 5/17/2011 Dissertation Director: Barbara J. Mills 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source in made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Samuel Gregg Duwe 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation was made possible by the help and support of many colleagues and mentors. I wish to particularly thank my committee – Barbara Mills, E. Charles Adams, Daniela Triadan (of the University of Arizona and Arizona State Museum), and Severin Fowles (Barnard College and Columbia University) – for providing direction and advice, not only for the dissertation but also for my entire graduate career. I would also like to thank the two ‘unoffical’ members of my committee, Kurt Anschuetz and Richard Ford, for offering their encouragement and insight into Tewa archaeology and landscapes. I am deeply indebted to many people and institutions, including the staff of the Laboratory of Anthropology (particularly Lou Haecker, Dody Fugate, Dedie Snow, Julia Clifton, and Tony Thibodeau); Dean Wilson and Steve Lakatos at the Office for Archaeological Studies; Rich Lange who taught me how to use a total station; Jeff Dean and Ron Towner of the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research; the Village Ecodynamics Project and Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, the government and people of Ohkay Owingeh (San Juan Pueblo); and Hector Neff and the faculty and staff of IIRMES and the Department of Anthropology, California State University–Long Beach. I was very lucky, and am very grateful, to have friends and family join me in the field and help me survey and map: Michael Duwe, Janis Duwe, Natalie Farrell, Kaet Heupel, Kelly Jenks, Kelly Swarts, and Bill Reitze. I have also benefited immensely from ‘talking shop’ with Lewis Borck, Diane Curewitz, Liz Cutright-Smith, Katherine Dungan, T. J. Ferguson, Sam Fladd, Lars Fogelin, Brandon Gabler, Rory Gauthier, Randy Haas, Saul Hedquist, Kacy Hollenback, Rob Jones, Cassidy, David Killick, Katie MacFarland, Lizzie May, Scott Ortman, Matt Pailes, Bill Reitze, Ted Roberts, Susan Ryan, Mike Schiffer, James Snead, Jeff Reid, Dana Drake Rosenstein, Brad Vierra, and Nieves Zedeño. Kelly Swarts provided critical insight and perspective from the earliest stages of this project. Northern New Mexico is blessed with very nice and helpful people, some of whom manage or own cultural resources. I wish to thank the following people and institutions for allowing me access to archaeological sites and being wonderful collaborators: Mike Bremer, Anne Baldwin, and Jeremy Kulisheck (Santa Fe National Forest), Paul Williams (Bureau of Land Management – Taos Resource Office), Brad Vierra (Stastistical Research, Inc., formerly of Los Alamos National Laboratory), Jim Walker (The Archaeological Conservancy), David Eck (New Mexico State Lands Office), Gloria Valencia, and the staff of Ojo Caliente Mineral Springs Resort and Spa. This research was kindly funded by multiple institutions. A National Science Foundation Dissertation Improvement Grant (#0741708) provided the majority of the funding required for fieldwork and the SAA’s Fred Plog Memorial Fellowship aided substantially during later stages of research. Additional funding for laboratory research was provided by the University of Arizona’s IGERT program in archaeological science and many grants and scholarships from the School of Anthropology. Hector Neff and his colleagues at IIRMES at CSU–Long Beach also provided money and support for multiple laser ablation marathon sessions. Both the Florence C. and Robert H. Lister Fellowship 5 and the Emil W. Haury Fellowship funded my last year of writing, and significantly improved the final form of this dissertation. It will be tough to finally leave Tucson. I am indebted to many friends at the University of Arizona who offered support and encouragement, acted as sounding boards and much-needed critics, and came together to form a great community. These include members of the Ramada Society, the players on ‘Chaco Meridian’ (School of Anthropology softball team), the residents of the Blenman-Elm neighborhood, and Haury fourth-floor anthropologists. In particular, Rob Jones, Amy Jones, Lizzie May, and Bill Reitze were willing to hang out with me as I spent weeks formatting tables, which was great. Finally, I wish to thank my parents, family, and Kelly for their love and unending support. 6 DEDICATION For Dick and Kurt 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 11 LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ 24 ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 1 – RETURN TO COSMOLOGY................................................................. 35 Introduction................................................................................................................. 35 The problem .............................................................................................................. 35 Initial claims ................................................................................................................ 42 What is cosmology? .................................................................................................. 42 Cosmology is a memory project................................................................................ 46 Cosmologies reflect group identity ........................................................................... 50 Initial questions ........................................................................................................... 52 Structure and human action...................................................................................... 53 A multi-scalar approach to time and the cosmos...................................................... 57 A “possible theory of history” .................................................................................. 60 Landscapes and space............................................................................................... 68 The case of the Pueblos............................................................................................... 70 The Pueblos in space ................................................................................................ 71 The Pueblos in time................................................................................................... 73 Enter the Tewa Basin................................................................................................ 75 CHAPTER 2 – THE PUEBLO COSMOS IN SPACE..................................................... 77 Regarding ethnography.............................................................................................. 82 A Pueblo worldview .................................................................................................... 87 Center, edge, and directionality................................................................................ 89 Emergence................................................................................................................. 92 Dualities.................................................................................................................... 93 Movement.................................................................................................................. 95 Connectedness........................................................................................................... 96 The Tewa Pueblos ......................................................................................................