NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES KARL WOLFGANG DEUTSCH 1912–1992 A Biographical Memoir by RICHARD L. MERRITT, BRUCE M. RUSSETT, AND ROBERT A. DAHL Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoirs, VOLUME 80 PUBLISHED 2001 BY THE NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. Plattner/A. Pedrett KARL WOLFGANG DEUTSCH July 21, 1912–November 1, 1992 BY RICHARD L. MERRITT, BRUCE M. RUSSETT, AND ROBERT A. DAHL ARL WOLFGANG DEUTSCH was born in 1912 in Prague, K Czechoslovakia. His father was an optician. His mother, active in various political causes both at home and inter- nationally, eventually became one of Czechoslovakia’s first female parliamentarians. After graduating with high honors in 1931 at the German Staatsrealgymnasium in Prague, Deutsch went on to take his first degree in 1934 at the Deutsche Universität in Prague. His advanced studies at that university were interrupted because of his outspoken leader- ship of anti-Nazi groups. After a clash with the faculty of the Deutsche Universität, which by then had fallen under the control of a pro-Nazi majority, he left for a period to study optics in England. Fortunately for the social sciences, his study of optics, together with his study of mathematics there and earlier, helped prepare him for his later pioneer- ing work in quantitative political science. On returning to Czechoslovakia he was granted admission to the Czech national Charles University, a signal honor for a German- ethnic Czech, where he attained high honors in seven fields and received his doctorate in law (JUDr) in 1938. Shortly thereafter, Deutsch and his new bride, Ruth, went to the United States for what was intended to be a brief stay. But with the capitulation of Britain and France to Hitler at Munich 3 4 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS and the Nazi takeover of the Sudetenland, Karl and Ruth decided it would be unsafe to return. In 1939 Karl and Ruth began a new life in the United States. The recipient of a student-funded scholarship for refugees from Nazism, Deutsch entered Harvard University for further graduate training. During his first years in America, he toured the country extensively, speaking on behalf of the Free Czechoslovak movement. America’s entry into the war led Deutsch into the service of the United States govern- ment, where among other things he was a major contributor to the famous “Blue Book” on Juan Peron’s efforts to extin- guish democracy in Argentina. Later he was a member of the International Secretariat of the San Francisco Conference of 1945, which created the United Nations. The war over, Deutsch resumed his doctoral studies at Harvard while teaching at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Simultaneously he began publishing articles that showed both his mature scholarship and, more significantly, perspicacity in his view of society and politics. His disserta- tion, “Nationalism and Social Communication,” was awarded Harvard’s Sumner Prize in 1951. The following year Deutsch was promoted to the rank of professor of history and political science at MIT, and a year later his dissertation appeared as a book.1 Almost immediately Deutsch was in great demand in the scholarly community. In 1953-54 he was at the Center for Research on World Political Institutions at Princeton University, where he integrated the findings of an inter- disciplinary group with his own thinking and turned the result into a highly significant theoretical analysis of large- scale political integration, Political Community and the North Atlantic Area.2 During the year 1956-57 he was a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Palo Alto, California, where he laid the basis for the KARL WOLFGANG DEUTSCH 5 book that would prove to be one of his most significant contributions, The Nerves of Government.3 During the same period he held a visiting appointment at the University of Chicago (in 1954) and received his first Guggenheim Fellow- ship (in 1955). In 1957 Deutsch went to Yale University as visiting pro- fessor and a year later accepted a permanent appointment as professor of political science. His first substantive accom- plishment there was the completion of a book (with Lewis J. Edinger), Germany Rejoins the Powers,4 that used data on public opinion, the background of elites, and economics to analyze the federal republic’s postwar progress, and was a highly original study of politics and society in West Germany. During his 10 years at Yale he completed the intellectual framework and set up an organization—the Yale Political Data Program—to develop quantitative indicators for test- ing significant theories and propositions in social science; organized a multi-university research team, sometimes called the Yale Arms Control Project, to investigate the prospects for arms control, disarmament, and steps toward unifica- tion in the Western European environment; and took on an increasingly important role in the development of inter- national social science. In 1960 he also held a visiting appoint- ment at Heidelberg University and in 1962 he was a visiting fellow at Nuffield College of Oxford University. Deutsch moved to Harvard University in 1967, and in 1971 was appointed Stanfield Professor of International Peace. Despite the rapidly growing demand for his appearance as a guest lecturer and his dramatically expanding role in inter- national social science, he continued his steady record of initiating and completing new projects. He held guest professorships at the Goethe University in Frankfurt-am- Main, the University of Geneva, Heidelberg University, the University of Mannheim, the University of Paris, and the 6 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS University of Zurich. He also lectured at major universities throughout the world, and served as consultant to various government agencies. And he received such further honors as a second Guggenheim Fellowship (in 1971) and appoint- ment as resident scholar at the Aspen Institute of Humanistic Studies (1973-74). His colleagues gave testimony to their esteem for his work by electing him to offices in numerous scholarly orga- nizations. Deutsch was elected president of the New England Political Science Association in 1964-65; president of the American Political Science Association in 1969-70, after having served as program chairman of its 1963 annual meeting; and president of the Peace Science Society (International) in 1973. He served the International Political Science Asso- ciation as a member of the program committee (1970-76), coordinator of the triennial International Political Science Association world congress (Montreal, 1973), vice-president, and finally as president for 1976-79. He received six honorary degrees from American and European universities. Deutsch made his impact on scholarship not only by his numerous publications but also equally from the force and manner of his personal presentations. His commitment to teaching was manifested in both lectures and seminars. His undergraduate lectures, although often extemporaneous, almost always combined profundity with wit. At Yale he gave uncounted lectures to packed lecture halls, and virtually without exception each lecture was followed by an ovation. Yale undergraduates honored him in 1965 by awarding him the William Benton Prize of the Yale Political Union for having done most to stimulate and maintain political interest on campus—an award, incidentally, that alone was featured prominently in the Deutsch home. During a period when many graduate students in political science were seeking a greater degree of analytical rigor KARL WOLFGANG DEUTSCH 7 and concern for quantitative evidence than had characterized the field, they found Deutsch’s combination of intellect, range, and verve enormously stimulating. His teaching skills were also revealed in his two influential textbooks, The Analysis of International Relations5 and Politics and Government,6 which not only made basic material accessible to students but also stimulated their involvement in serious analysis of political phenomena. His influence on students was so great that some of the most productive scholars who followed him in the fields of international and comparative politics had been students in his seminars. Deutsch believed that an important part of his task as educator was to present guest lectures at universities and elsewhere in the United States. He was invariably generous with his time and his thoughts and seemed happiest when he engaged an individual or audience in an intellectual dialogue where the give and take of discussion, with both challenges and stimulation, provided an opportunity for him, as well as his audience, to learn something new. He was noted for his ability to generate enormous numbers of ideas in rapid-fire fashion, typically in what appeared to be, and probably was, a spontaneous association of ideas, when he would briefly consider a bit of data or an idea and immedi- ately ask for more information or come forth with a new hypothesis or even a full-blown theory. Although he ran the risk of propounding ideas that were not well thought out and on further consideration might prove to be mistaken, the sheer volume of his intellectual sparks generated a fire that stimulated his audiences to think more deeply about his remarks. In his relations with students Deutsch was interactive, nurturant, generative. He truly cared about his students and former students. Above and beyond normal expecta- tions, he helped