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Computing Professionals: Changing Needs for the 1990s A Workshop Prepared by the Steering Committee on Human Resources in Computer Science and Technology, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel, National Research Council ISBN: 0-309-57284-3, 164 pages, 6 x 9, (1993) This PDF is available from the National Academies Press at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2047.html Visit the National Academies Press online, the authoritative source for all books from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council: • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online for free • Explore our innovative research tools – try the “Research Dashboard” now! • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books and selected PDF files Thank you for downloading this PDF. 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Computing Professionals: Changing Needs for the 1990s http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2047.html i Computing Professionals Changing Needs for the 1990s riginal paper book, not the from original itative version for attribution. fic formatting,fic however, cannot be retained, A Workshop Report Prepared by the Steering Committee on Human Resources in Computer Science and Technology Computer Science and Telecommunications Board Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications and Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1993 About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created the from o typesetting files. Page breaks are true the line lengths, word breaks, to original; heading styles, and other typesetting-speci and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the author Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Computing Professionals: Changing Needs for the 1990s http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2047.html ii NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the steering committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sci- ences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. Support for this project was provided by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Grant No. N00014-87-J-1110), the National Science Foundation (Grant No. CDA-9121558), and the Association for Computing Machinery, the Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association, the Information Technology Association of America, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (under unnumbered contracts). riginal paper book, not the from original itative version for attribution. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 92-85596 fic formatting,fic however, cannot be retained, International Standard Book Number 0-309-04790-0 Copyright 1993 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Available from: National Academy Press 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418 B-030 Printed in the United States of America About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created the from o typesetting files. Page breaks are true the line lengths, word breaks, to original; heading styles, and other typesetting-speci and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the author Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Computing Professionals: Changing Needs for the 1990s http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2047.html iii STEERING COMMITTEE ON HUMAN RESOURCES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LESLIE L. VADASZ, Intel Corporation, Chairman EILEEN COLLINS, National Science Foundation (through August 18, 1992) NANCY G. LEVESON, University of Washington SHELBY STEWMAN, Carnegie Mellon University JAMES C. TENNISON, IBM Corporation MAXINE TRENTHAM, CTA Inc. PAUL YOUNG, University of Washington riginal paper book, not the from original itative version for attribution. fic formatting,fic however, cannot be retained, Staff MARJORY S. BLUMENTHAL, Director, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board ALAN FECHTER, Executive Director, Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel JAMES VOYTUK, Senior Staff Officer (January 1990 to December 1991) ARTHUR L. MCCORD, Project Assistant OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING PERSONNEL Advisory Committee on Studies and Analyses LINDA S. WILSON, Radcliffe College, Chairman JOHN PATRICK CRECINE, Georgia Institute of Technology LESTER A. HOEL, University of Virginia ERNEST JAWORSKI, Monsanto Company DANIEL KLEPPNER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ALAN S. RABSON, National Institutes of Health BRUCE SMITH, Brookings Institution Ex Officio WILLIAM H. MILLER, University of California at Berkeley ALAN FECHTER, Executive Director PAMELA EBERT FLATTAU, Director of Studies and Surveys Unit About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created the from o typesetting files. Page breaks are true the line lengths, word breaks, to original; heading styles, and other typesetting-speci and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the author Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Computing Professionals: Changing Needs for the 1990s http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2047.html iv COMPUTER SCIENCE AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS BOARD WILLIAM WULF, University of Virginia, Chairman RUZENA BAJCSY, University of Pennsylvania DAVID J. FARBER, University of Pennsylvania SAMUEL H. FULLER, Digital Equipment Corporation JAMES GRAY, Digital Equipment Corporation JOHN L. HENNESSY, Stanford University MITCHELL D. KAPOR, Electronic Frontier Foundation riginal paper book, not the from original itative version for attribution. SIDNEY KARIN, San Diego Supercomputer Center fic formatting,fic however, cannot be retained, RICHARD M. KARP, University of California at Berkeley KEN KENNEDY, Rice University ROBERT L. MARTIN, Bell Communications Research ABRAHAM PELED, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center WILLIAM PRESS, Harvard College RAJ REDDY, Carnegie Mellon University JEROME SALTZER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology CHARLES L. SEITZ, California Institute of Technology MARY SHAW, Carnegie Mellon University EDWARD SHORTLIFFE, Stanford University School of Medicine IVAN E. SUTHERLAND, Sun Microsystems LAWRENCE T. TESLER, Apple Computer Inc. MARJORY S. BLUMENTHAL, Director HERBERT S. LIN, Senior Staff Officer MONICA KRUEGER, Staff Officer FRANK PITTELLI, CSTB Consultant RENEE A. HAWKINS, Staff Associate DONNA F. ALLEN, Administrative Assistant ARTHUR L. MCCORD, Project Assistant LESLIE WADE, Project Assistant About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created the from o typesetting files. Page breaks are true the line lengths, word breaks, to original; heading styles, and other typesetting-speci and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the author Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Computing Professionals: Changing Needs for the 1990s http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2047.html v COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND APPLICATIONS RICHARD N. ZARE, Stanford University, Chairman JOHN A. ARMSTRONG, IBM Corporation PETER J. BICKEL, University of California at Berkeley GEORGE F. CARRIER, Harvard University GEORGE W. CLARK, Massachusetts Institute of Technology MARYE ANNE FOX, University of Texas AVNER FRIEDMAN, University of Minnesota riginal paper book, not the from original itative version for attribution. SUSAN L. GRAHAM, University of California at Berkeley fic formatting,fic however, cannot be retained, NEAL F. LANE, Rice University ROBERT W. LUCKY, Bell Communications Research CLAIRE E. MAX, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory CHRISTOPHER F. MCKEE, University of California at Berkeley JAMES W. MITCHELL, AT&T Bell Laboratories RICHARD S. NICHOLSON, American Association for the Advancement of Science ALAN SCHRIESHEIM, Argonne National Laboratory A. RICHARD SEEBASS III, University of Colorado KENNETH