Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research E-ISSN: 0719-4250 [email protected] Asociación de Académicos de Ciencias Farmacéuticas de Antofagasta Chile Meshesha, Melaku; Deyou, Tsegaye; Tedla, Abebe; Abdissa, Negera Chemical constituents of the roots of Kniphofia isoetifolia Hochst. and evaluation for antibacterial activity Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, vol. 5, núm. 6, noviembre-diciembre, 2017, pp. 345-353 Asociación de Académicos de Ciencias Farmacéuticas de Antofagasta Antofagasta, Chile Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=496053946003 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto © 2017 Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, 5 (6), 345-353, 2017 ISSN 0719-4250 http://jppres.com/jppres Original Article | Artículo Original Chemical constituents of the roots of Kniphofia isoetifolia Hochst. and evaluation for antibacterial activity [Constituyentes químicos de las raíces de Kniphofia isoetifolia Hocst. y evaluación de la actividad antibacteriana] Melaku Meshesha1, Tsegaye Deyou1, Abebe Tedla2, Negera Abdissa1,* 1Jimma University, College of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, P. O. BOX 378, Ethiopia. 2Debre Berhan University, College of Natural and Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, P. O. BOX 445, Ethiopia. *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Resumen Context: The genus Kniphofia Moench, with species close to 70, is Contexto: El género Kniphofia Moench, con cerca de 70 especies, se utiliza traditionally used to treat wide ranges of ailments including menstrual tradicionalmente para tratar dolores menstruales, infertilidad, calambres pains, infertility, abdominal cramps, wounds, malaria, chest complaint abdominales, heridas, malaria, dolor torácico y hepatitis B. Kniphofia and hepatitis B. Kniphofia isoetifolia, an endemic species in Ethiopia, is isoetifolia, una especie endémica en Etiopía se usa en la curación de known for wounds healing applications in Southern Ethiopia. heridas en el sur de Etiopía. Aims: To investigate the roots of Kniphofia isoetifolia and evaluate the Objetivos: Investigar las raíces de Kniphofia isoetifolia y evaluar la extracts and its constituents for antibacterial activity. actividad antibacteriana sus extractos y sus componentes. Methods: The roots of Kniphofia isoetifolia was extracted with Métodos: Las raíces de Kniphofia isoetifolia se extrajeron con chloroform/methanol (1:1 v/v), and the resulting crude extract was cloroformo/metanol (1: 1 v / v) y el extracto bruto resultante se repartió partitioned between EtOAc/H2O. The ethyl acetate extract afforded four entre EtOAc/H2O. Después de la purificación cromatográfica, el extracto compounds after chromatographic purification, and their identification de acetato de etilo proporcionó cuatro compuestos que se identificaron was based on spectroscopic analyses. The extracts and pure compounds mediante análisis espectroscópicos. Se evaluó la actividad antibacteriana were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity on four bacterial strains in vitro de los extractos y compuestos puros contra Staphylococcus aureus, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Enterococcus faecalis. and Enterococcus faecalis. Resultados: La purificación del extracto de las raíces de Kniphofia Results: The purification of the extract of roots of Kniphofia isoetifolia isoetifolia dio lugar a la identificación de cuatro compuestos (1 - 4). Este es resulted in identification of four compounds (1 – 4). This is the first report el primer informe sobre la investigación fitoquímica de Kniphofia on the phytochemical investigation of Kniphofia isoetifolia and isoetifolia y la aparición del compuesto 1 en el género Kniphofia. Los occurrence of compound 1 in the genus Kniphofia. The extracts and extractos y compuestos aislados demostraron actividad antibacteriana. El isolates demonstrated antibacterial activity. The Compound 3 in some compuesto 3, en algunos casos, demostró una zona comparable de cases demonstrated comparable zone of inhibition with gentamycin. inhibición con gentamicina. Conclusions: This is the first report of the occurrence of naphthoquinone Conclusiones: Este es el primer reporte de la ocurrencia del derivado de derivative, 3,5,8-trihydroxy-2-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione (1) in the naftoquinona, 3,5,8-trihidroxi-2-metilnaftaleno-1,4-diona (1) en el género genus Kniphofia which appears to have a chemotaxonomic significance to Kniphofia que parece tener una significación quimiotaxonómica para narrow down the gap between Alooideae and Asphodeloideae subfamily. reducir el espacio entre Alooideae y la subfamilia de Asphodeloideae. Las The two dimeric anthraquinones (3, 4) showed strong activity with dos antraquinonas diméricas (3, 4) mostraron la mayor zona de inhibición highest zone of inhibition recorded for asphodeline (3) against E. faecalis. registrada para asphodeline (3) contra E. faecalis. Keywords: antibacterial; inhibition zone; Kniphofia isoetifolia; quinones; Palabras Clave: antibacteria; Kniphofia isoetifolia; quinonas; raíces; zona roots. de inhibición. ARTICLE INFO Received | Recibido: May 18, 2017. Received in revised form | Recibido en forma corregida: August 26, 2017. Accepted | Aceptado: August 285, 2017. Available Online | Publicado en Línea: September 3, 2017. Declaration of interests | Declaración de Intereses: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding | Financiación: This study was supported by the International Foundation for Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden, through a grant to Negera Abdissa (IFS, Grant No: F/5778-1) and partly by Jimma University, Ethiopia. Academic Editor | Editor Académico: Gabino Garrido. _____________________________________ Meshesha et al. Antibacterial compounds from Kniphofia isoetifolia INTRODUCTION Thus, herein we report the isolation of four com- pounds (Fig. 2, one napthoquinone and three an- Infectious diseases are a serious health and eco- thraquinones) from the roots of K. isoetifolia (Fig. nomic problem to human being throughout the 1). The antibacterial activities of these compounds world, ultimately causing millions of mortalities, and crude extracts are also reported. many of which are a premature death of children under five (Gahlaut and Chhillar, 2013; Minale et al., 2014; Wong et al., 2015). The rapid drive of mortality, mor- bidity and also the emerging of new infectious dis- eases is mainly due to antimicrobial resistance against currently available antibiotics (Hemaiswarya et al., 2008). The use of plants and plant-based products for healing human diseases is an old experience and practice (Petrovska, 2012). In addition to the tradition- al application, plants and their products have also laid a great foundation for the modern drug, for ex- ample, the majority of anticancer drugs and infec- tious diseases have been derived from plants and other nature-based sources and, still continue to serve as a potential source (Dias et al., 2012; Newman and Cragg, 2016). The genus Kniphofia Moench (family Aspho- delacea) with the species close to 70 are widely dis- tributed in Africa with most of the species being confined to the Southern part of the region (Codd, Figure 1. Kniphofia isoetifolia (captured by MM in February 1968; Bosch, 2008). Traditionally, it is used to treat dif- 2016). ferent ailments including menstrual pains, infertili- ty, abdominal cramps, wounds, malaria, chest com- MATERIAL AND METHODS plaint, gonorrhea and hepatitis B (Matsiliza and Barker, 2001; Yineger and Yewhalaw, 2007; Mothana et al., 2009; Ma- Chemicals and equipment hach, 2013). Owing to its colorful flower, the plant of Analytical grade hexane, chloroform, acetone, this genus is also widely recognized for its orna- methanol and ethyl acetate were used for extraction mental values. Phytochemically, it is well known for and isolation (Loba Chemie Pvt Ltd, Mumbai, In- its elaboration of anthraquinones including mono- dia). Silica gel 60-120 mm mesh size (Merck, Darm- meric and dimeric anthraquinones and phenylan- stadt, Germany), oxalic acid for deactivation of sili- thraquinones, which have been reported to possess ca gel was used. Analytical TLC was performed on antimalarial and cytotoxic activities (Bringmann et al., pre-coated silica gel 60 F254 plates (Merck, Darm- 1999; Wube et al., 2005; Habtemariam, 2010). stadt, Germany). 1H NMR (500 MHz) and 13C NMR K. isoetifolia (Fig. 1) is one of the endemic spe- (125 MHz) were obtained on a Bruker Avance 500 cies growing in Ethiopia and is commonly visited by spectrometer (Bruker, Rheinstetten, Germany) us- traditional healers, especially for the treatment of ing the residual solvent peak as indirect chemical wounds healing in the Southern part of country. shift reference. The spectra were processed using Other plants under the genus Kniphofia have been standard Bruker software (Bruker, Rheinstetten, subjected to phytochemical and biological investi- Germany). Deuterated chloroform (98% of atom D; gation; but this is only limited to HPLC profiling Sigma-Aldrich Chemie Gmbh Munich, Germany) when it comes to K. isoetifolia (Berhanu et al., 1986) was used for recording NMR spectra and DMSO and to the best of our knowledge, there is no rec- (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie Gmbh Munich, Germany) orded