Proceedings of the 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering ICONE24 June 26-30, 2016, Charlotte, North Carolina ICONE24-60336 STUDY ON CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN NUCLEAR-POWER INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE Alexander Zvorykin Igor Pioro Raj Panchal National Technical University of Faculty of Energy Systems and Faculty of Energy Systems and Ukraine Nuclear Science Nuclear Science “Kiev Polytechnic Institute” University of Ontario Institute of University of Ontario Institute of Technology Technology 37 Prospect Peremogy, Kiev 03056 2000 Simcoe Str. N., Oshawa ON 2000 Simcoe Str. N., Oshawa ON Ukraine L1K 7K4 Canada L1K 7K4 Canada E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: Nuclear Power Plant, Thermal Efficiency, Pressurized-Water Reactor, Plant Systems ABSTRACT left without the basic and vital source of electricity generation. Nuclear power in Ukraine is the most important source of Also, current problems of Ukrainian NPPs are: 1) lower electricity generation. Currently, Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) capacity factors (around 80%) compared to those in other generate 45.5% of the total electricity in the country followed countries (~90%); 2) uncertainties with nuclear-fuel supply due with coal generation ‒ 38%, gas generation 9.6% and the rest is to political situation; and 3) service and repairs of relatively old based on renewable sources, mainly on hydro power plants – reactors. 5.9%. Nuclear-power industry is based on 4 NPPs including the largest one in Europe ‒ Zaporizhzhya NPP with about 6,000 1. INTRODUCTION MWel gross installed capacity. It is well known that electrical-power generation is the key factor for advances in industry, agriculture, technology and the These NPPs are equipped with 13 VVER-1000 and 2 VVER- level of living (for details, see Table 1 and Fig. 1) [1]. Also, 440 Russian-design Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) with strong power industry with diverse energy sources is very the total gross installed capacity of 13,800 MWel. Layout of important for country independence. In general, electrical these NPPs, thermodynamic diagram and thermal efficiencies energy can be generated from: 1) burning mined and refined are provided. Thermal efficiencies have been calculated with energy sources such as coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear; and the IAEA Desalination Thermodynamic Optimization 2) harnessing energy sources such as hydro, biomass, wind, Programme DE-TOP and compared to the actual ones. geothermal, solar, and wave power. Today, the main sources for electrical-energy generation (for details, see Fig. 1a) are: 1) Two of these reactors have been built and put into operation in thermal power – primarily using coal (~40%) and 70-s, ten in 80-s, one in 90-s and just two in 2004. Therefore, secondarily - natural gas (~23%); 2) “large” hydraulic power based on an analysis of the world power reactors in terms of from dams and rivers (~17%) and 3) nuclear power from their maximum years of operation (currently, the oldest reactors various reactor designs (~11%). The balance of the energy are 45-year old) several projections have been made for future sources is from using oil (~4%) and renewable sources such as of the nuclear-power industry in Ukraine. Unfortunately, all biomass, wind, geothermal and solar (~5%), and have visible these projections are quite pessimistic. impact just in some countries (for details, see Fig. 1). In addition, energy sources, such as wind and solar, and some There is a possibility that around 2030‒2035 the vast majority others, like wave-power, are intermittent from depending on of the Ukrainian reactors will be shut down, and Ukraine can be Mother Nature [1]. 1 Copyright © 2016 by ASME Table 1. Electrical-Energy Consumption (EEC) per capita in selected countries (listed here just for reference purposes) [2, 3]. No Country Population Electrical Energy Consumption Year HDI* Millions TW h/year W/Capita Rank Value 1 Norway 5 115.6 2603 2013 1 0.944 2 Australia 23 213.5 1114 2013 2 0.933 3 USA 317.8 4686.4 1683 2014 5 0.914 4 Germany 80.7 582.5 861 2013 6 0.911 5 Canada 35.3 499.9 1871 2014 8 0.902 6 UK 63.7 323.3 622 2012 14 0.892 7 South Korea 50.2 455.1 1038 2013 15 0.891 8 Japan 127.1 859.7 774 2013 17 0.890 9 France 65.8 462.9 804 2014 20 0.884 10 Russia 146 1016.5 808 2014 57 0.778 11 EU 503 3,037 688 2012 - - 12 Ukraine 45 182 461 2012 78 0.740 13 Brazil 201 455.8 268 2013 79 0.744 14 China 1,361 5463.8 458 2013 91 0.719 15 World (average) 7,156 19,320 313 2005-2012 103 0.694 16 India 1,243 1111.7 90 2014 135 0.586 17 Afghanistan 30.4 0.2311 1 2012 169 0.468 18 Chad 10.3 0.093 1 2009 184 0.372 19 Niger 17.1 0.63 4 2012 187 0.337 * . ** HDI – Human Development Index by United Nations (UN); HDI is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standards of living for countries worldwide. HDI is calculated by the following formula: √ , where LEI - Life Expectancy Index, EI - Education Index, and II - Income Index. It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed, a developing or an under-developed country, and also to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life. Countries fall into four broad human-development categories, each of which comprises ~42 countries: 1) Very high – 42 countries; 2) high – 43; 3) medium – 42; and 4) low – 42 (Wikipedia, 2014). It should be noted that the following two parameters are important characteristics of any power plant: 1) overall (gross) Therefore, thermal power plants, NPPs and large hydro power or net efficiency1 of a plant; and 2) Capacity factor2 of a plant. plants are considered as the basis for any electrical grid as concentrated and reliable sources of electricity generation. Usually, thermal- and nuclear-power plants operate semi- Also, NPPs have essentially negligible operating emissions of continuously, because of a high capital cost and low operating carbon dioxide into atmosphere compared to alternate thermal costs. The relative costs of electrical energy generated by any plants. Due to that this source of energy is considered as the system are not only dependent on building capital costs and most viable one for electrical generation for the next 50 – 100 operating expenses, but also dependent on the capacity factor. years [1] (see Table 2). The higher the capacity factor the better, as generating costs fall proportionally. However, some renewable-energy sources with exception of large hydro-electric power plants can have significantly lower capacity factors compared to those of thermal- and nuclear-power plants [1]. 1 Gross efficiency of a unit during a given period of time is the ratio of the gross electrical energy generated by a unit to the energy consumed during the same period by the same unit. The difference between gross and net efficiencies is internal needs for electrical energy of a power plant, which might be not so small (5% or even more). 2 The net capacity factor of a power plant is the ratio of the actual output of a power plant over a period of time (usually, during a year) and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. To calculate the capacity factor, the total amount of energy a plant produced during a period of time should be divided by the amount of energy the plant would have produced at the full capacity. Capacity factors vary significantly depending on the type of a plant. 2 Copyright © 2016 by ASME 1.0 Spain USA Norway 1.0 Germany Very High HDI Canada Poland Japan 20% 0.9 High HDI Italy UK Medium HDI S. Korea Iceland Low HDI Brazil France 0.8 0.8 Argentina Kuwait Colombia Mexico Russia Iran Ukraine 0.7 Philippines Ukraine China Turkey Indonesia 0.6 Equatorial South Africa 0.6 Guinea Kenya Thailand Tanzania India Egypt Nigeria Vietnam HDIValue 0.5 Pakistan 0.4 Afghanistan Bangladesh Iraq Ethiopia Zimbabwe Human Development Human Index (HDI) 0.4 HDI 0.2581 0.088 ln EEC Burma Sierra Mozambique 0.2 Leone 0.3 Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Niger 0.2 0.0 1 10 100 1000 10000 1 10 100 1000 10000 Electrical-Energy Consumption, W/Capita Electrical-Energy Consumption (EEC), W/Capita (a) (b) Figure 1. Effect of Electrical-Energy Consumption (EEC) on Human Development Index (HDI) for all countries of the world (based on data from [3, 4]): (a) graph with selected countries identified and (b) HDI correlation (in general, the HDI correlation might be an exponential rise to maximum (1), but based on the current data it is a straight line in regular – log coordinates). (a) World: Population 7,156 millions; EEC 19,320 (b) Germany: Population 81 millions; EEC 582.5 TW h/year or TW h/year or 313 W/Capita; HDI 0.694 or HDI Rank 861 W/Capita; HDI 0.911 or HDI Rank 6. 103. 3 Copyright © 2016 by ASME (c) Ukraine: Population 45 millions; EEC 182 (d) France: Population 65.8 millions; EEC 463 TW h/year or TW h/year or 461 W/Capita; HDI 0.740 or HDI Rank 804 W/Capita; HDI 0.884 or HDI Rank 20. 78. (Installed capacities: Thermal PPs – 64%; NPPs -27% and Hydro PPs – 9%) Figure 2. Electricity generation by source in the world and selected countries (data from 2010 – 2014 presented here just for reference purposes) (Wikipedia, 2015).