UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES Y Cs. DE LA EDUCACIÓN CARRERA DE LINGÜÍSTICA E IDIOMAS TESIS DE GRADO “WHAT LIES BEHIND THE POLITICAL DISCOURSE OF THE M.A.S.-POLITICAL PARTY WHICH IS NOW IN POWER IN BOLIVIA” THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF LICENCIATURA EN LINGÜÍSTICA E IDIOMAS. By Esteban Rojas Q. SUPERVISOR: Lic. M. Virginia Coronado LLAA PPAAZZ –– BBOOLLIIIVVIIIAA 22001144 UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES Y CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN CARRERA DE LINGÜÍSTICA E IDIOMAS THESIS “WHAT LIES BEHIND THE POLITICAL DISCOURSE OF THE M.A.S.- POLITICAL PARTY WHICH IS NOW IN POWER IN BOLIVIA” (A qualitative study) © 2014 Esteban Rojas Q. Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Licenciatura en Lingüística e Idiomas. …………………………………………………....................................................... ..…………………………………………………..................................................... ………………………………………………………................................................ Head of Department: Lic. Orlando Montaño Supervisor: Lic. M. Virginia Coronado Committee: Lic. Gregorio Calisaya Committee: Lic. David Aduviri Date: …................................................... / 2014 ii CONTENTS Page Presentation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i Acknowledgments ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii Preface ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii Abstract ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv Acronyms/Abbreviations --------------------------------------------------------------------------- vi Chapter I INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1. LANGUAGE AND DISCOURSE ------------------------------------------------------------- 4 a. Purpose ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 b. The context --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 c. The problem ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 1.1. Critical Discourse Analysis and Politics --------------------------------------------------- 11 1.2. Discourse and Ideology -------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 1.3. Discourse and Power ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 1.3.1. Language of politics ------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 1.3.2. The emotional dog and its rational tail ---------------------------------------------- 26 1.3.3. I want what you have, I have what you want -------------------------------------- 31 1.3.4. Theory of Envy ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 1.3.5. Theory of hate ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 32 1.3.6. The role of propaganda -------------------------------------------------------------- 35 1.3.7. What political language does- --------------------------------------------------------36 1.3.8. The script behind politicians ---------------------------------------------------------- 38 1.3.9. The advocacy work of NGOs -------------------------------------------------------- 46 1.4. Uprisings Around the World ----------------------------------------------------------------- 51 1.4.1. The Great Revolt of 1381------------------------------------------------------------ 53 1.4.2. The Indian Mutiny of 1857 ---------------------------------------------------------- 56 1.4.3. The Russian Revolution ------------------------------------------------------------- 61 The storming of the winter palace -------------------------------------------------- 65 iii The Russian civil war ---------------------------------------------------------------- 67 The red terror -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68 1.4.4. The French Revolution--------------------------------------------------------------- 72 The storming of the Bastille --------------------------------------------------------- 75 The terror ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 76 Robespierre and the reign of terror of the Jacobins ------------------------------ 78 The irony ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81 1.4.5. The revolts in short ------------------------------------------------------------------- 83 The Libelles --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87 Chapter II 2. A BRIEF HISTORY --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91 2.1. Morales Administration ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 91 2.1.1. The war over water as antecedent --------------------------------------------------------- 93 2.1.2. The war over gas ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 94 2.1.3. Morales’s first presidential term ----------------------------------------------------- 96 2.1.4. Morales’s second presidential term -------------------------------------------------- 97 2.1.5. M.A.S.-I.P.S.P. (Morales’s) current administration ------------------------------- 97 2.1.6. Domestic Policy ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98 2.1.7. Foreign Policy------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 107 2.2. The Discourse of the M.A.S ----------------------------------------------------------------- 110 2.2.1. Recurrent Topics in Morales’s Speeches ----------------------------------------- 114 2.2.2. Morales’s Current Situation -------------------------------------------------------- 133 Chapter III 3. ANALYSIS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 138 3.1. Methodology ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 138 3.2. Analysis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 140 3.3. Analogies ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 164 Chapter IV 4. CONCLUSIONS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 174 References Annexes iv Presentation As a sort of presentation of this study, rather than a dedication, I would like to assert that this study was not carried out under the aegis of any institution, therefore, the concepts, comments and opinions, if any, are the responsibility of the writer, who solely is responsible for the content of the entire work. Neither the institution (UMSA) nor the supervisor are by any means liable for the contents. i Acknowledgments First of all, I want to thank my Maker for giving me the senses and the capacity for producing and doing ‘things.’ Thanks to the Lord. I would like to thank Lic. M. Virginia Coronado, my supervisor, who in spite of being so busy made room in her agenda for seeing me. The exchanges of ideas we have had have been so productive and inspiring that I will always remember them. Then, I would also like to thank Lic. Gregorio Calisaya and Lic. David Aduviri, members of the committee; whose observations helped to shape the final edition of this study into the traditional format of a thesis. Finally, I might thank all the people that somehow, with their behaviour, led me to delve into the fascinating world of human behaviour, not only those in government but also people in general whose attitudes really made me think about the society we live in. ii PREFACE The following qualitative study was developed under the scope of Critical Discourse Analysis, and in order to fully understand its real dimension, the following aspects should be considered. First, as the reader will notice, this study is not the sum of separate sections which need to be articulated, rather, it should be taken as a whole entity. The presentation might look a bit like a book, in fact the narrative form has been chosen because it reflects how the study developed itself (Creswell; 2013; 4). Thus, although it is divided into sections and chapters, there is a continuous chain of events. The introduction is related to the first section which is related to the next section, and so forth, until the conclusions section. Then, as a characteristic of this type of study, most of the questions, research questions, arose gradually and led to make new associations. For instance, the section concerning the French Revolution is not just a historical review because the analysis of the data showed some similarities which led to a specific review of some facts of the French revolution. Moreover, after the review of some uprisings, it was necessary to highlight some facts of the uprisings as a summary, which was not planned a priori. Keeping this in mind, the reader might benefit not only from this study, but also armed with this critical perspective, the reader hopefully will profit from other texts written about similar topics. iii ABSTRACT The following qualitative study has been developed under the scope of Critical Discourse Analysis. In order to get a real and scientific perspective, a brief history of the origins of language has been developed, followed by a short description of language which goes beyond