Master Guide FOR PROFESSIONAL PHOTOGRAPHERS PATRICK RICE MASTER PHOTOGRAPHER Amherst Media® PUBLISHER OF PHOTOGRAPHY BOOKS Copyright © 2006 by Patrick Rice. All rights reserved. Front cover photographs by: Dennis Orchard (left) and Patrick Rice (right top, center, and bottom). Back cover photograph by: Jesse Josleyn Published by: Amherst Media, Inc. P.O. Box 586 Buffalo, N.Y. 14226 Fax: 716-874-4508 www.AmherstMedia.com Publisher: Craig Alesse Senior Editor/Production Manager: Michelle Perkins Assistant Editor: Barbara A. Lynch-Johnt ISBN-13: 978-1-58428-195-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2006925663 Printed in Korea. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechan- ical, photocopied, recorded or otherwise, without prior written consent from the publisher. Notice of Disclaimer: The information contained in this book is based on the author’s experience and opinions. The author and publisher will not be held liable for the use or misuse of the information in this book. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. IMAGE CAPTURE . .7 Flash Photography . .29 Film . .7 Batteries . .30 Negative vs. Positive . .7 Color Balance . .7 2. LENSES . .31 Black & White Film . .8 Qualities of Lenses . .31 Anti-Halation . .10 Focal Length . .31 Film Speed . .10 Normal Lenses . .32 Reciprocity . .11 Wide-Angle Lenses . .32 Storage . .11 Telephoto Lenses . .32 Processing . .12 Prime Lenses vs. Zoom Lenses . .33 Digital Images from Film . .14 Perspective . .33 Film Cameras . .14 Maximum Aperture . .34 35mm Cameras: Point & Shoot vs. SLR . .14 Close-up Photography . .35 View Cameras . .15 Teleconverters . .35 Medium Format Cameras . .17 Macro Lenses . .36 Digital Cameras . .19 Close-up Lenses . .36 Megapixels and Resolution . .19 Extension Tubes and Bellows . .37 Burst Rate . .21 Specialized Lenses . .38 Shutter Lag . .21 The Fisheye Lens . .38 CCD vs. CMOS Sensors . .21 Perspective Control Lenses . .38 CCD (Charge Coupled Device) . .21 Lensbaby . .40 CMOS (Complementary Focusing . .40 Metal Oxide Semiconductor) . .22 Manual Focus . .41 Digital Storage Media . .23 Autofocus . .43 Microdrives . .24 Lens Flare . .43 CompactFlash Cards . .24 Lens Cleaning . .44 Card Readers . .25 Image File Formats . .25 3. EXPOSURE AND METERING . .45 TIFF (.tif) . .25 Aperture . .46 JPEG (.jpg) . .26 Shutter Speed . .46 RAW (.raw) . .26 Light Meters . .48 ISO Ratings . .26 Reflected Light Meters . .48 Viewfinders and LCDs . .28 Incident Light Meters . .49 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 Other Options . .49 Lighting Accessories . .76 Exposure Techniques . .51 Reflectors . .76 Expose for the Proper Medium . .51 Gobos . .76 Bracketing . .51 Cookies . .76 Exposure Compensation . .51 Gels . .76 Analyzing the Exposure . .52 Contrast and Light Ratios . .76 Check the LCD Screen . .52 Contrast . .76 Activate the Overexposure Indicator . .52 Shooting . .77 The Histogram . .53 Printing . .77 Exposure Modes . .54 Editing . .77 Manual Mode . .54 Light Ratios . .77 Automatic Modes . .54 Portrait Lighting Basics . .78 Additional Exposure Considerations . .56 Lights . .78 ISO . .57 Main Light . .79 White Balance . .57 Fill Light . .79 Hair Light . .79 4. LIGHT AND LIGHTING . .60 Kicker Light . .79 Type of Light . .61 Background Light . .79 The Behavior of Light . .61 Basic Portrait Types . .79 Characteristics of Light . .62 Broad Lighting . .79 Direction . .62 Short Lighting . .80 Hard or Soft . .64 Lighting Styles . .80 Natural Light . .66 Flat Lighting . .80 Overhead Light . .66 Butterfly Lighting . .80 Window Light . .67 Loop Lighting . .81 Golden Hour . .67 Rembrandt Lighting . .81 Flash . .67 Split Lighting . .81 Built-in Flash . .68 Profile Lighting . .82 On-Camera Flash . .69 Studio Lighting . .69 5. FILTERS . .83 Strobes . .70 Photographic Filter Basics . .83 Monolights . .70 Materials . .83 Power Packs . ..