Animal biosecurity in the Mekong: future directions for research and development ACIAR PROCEEDINGS 137 Animal biosecurity in the Mekong: future directions for research and development Proceedings of an international workshop held in Siem Reap, Cambodia, 10–13 August 2010 Editors: L.B. Adams, G.D. Gray and G. Murray 2012 The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. ACIAR operates as part of Australia’s international development cooperation program, with a mission to achieve more productive and sustainable agricultural systems, for the benefit of developing countries and Australia. It commissions collaborative research between Australian and developing-country researchers in areas where Australia has special research competence. It also administers Australia’s contribution to the International Agricultural Research Centres. Where trade names are used this constitutes neither endorsement of nor discrimination against any product by the Centre. ACIAR PROCEEDINGS SERIES This series of publications includes the full proceedings of research workshops or symposia organised or supported by ACIAR. Numbers in this series are distributed internationally to selected individuals and scientific institutions, and are also available from ACIAR’s website at <aciar.gov.au>. The papers in ACIAR Proceedings are peer reviewed. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) 2012 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from ACIAR, GPO Box 1571, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia, [email protected] Adams L.B., Gray G.D and Murray G. (eds) 2012. Animal biosecurity in the Mekong: future directions for research and development. Proceedings of a workshop held in Siem Reap, Cambodia, 10–13 August 2010. ACIAR Proceedings No. 137. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra. 114 pp. ACIAR Proceedings - ISSN 1038-6920 (print), ISSN 1447-0837 (online) ISBN 978 1 921962 25 7 (print) ISBN 978 1 921962 26 4 (online) Technical editing by Biotext, Canberra Design by Clarus Design Pty Ltd, Canberra Printing by CanPrint Communications Pty Ltd, Canberra Cover: Children observing a serological survey and learning how the survey can improve their health and the health of the animals in their village (Takeo, Cambodia). (Photo: Domingo Caro III) Foreword Livestock disease constrains livelihood development in the Mekong countries in multiple ways: through loss of animals and their productivity, restriction of trade within and between countries and, more recently, the diseases that can be transmitted from livestock to humans. Many of the methods used to contain these diseases and prevent their transmission are brought together under the general heading of biosecurity, which is the focus for many national and international organisations. The lead international agency with responsibility for trans-boundary diseases that affect trade is the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). The Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease (AB-CRC) has supported research in Australia and Asia that spans ani- mal and human biosecurity. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) has been a long-term supporter of research partnerships that address both endemic and epidemic disease, including foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever and avian influenza. The OIE, the AB-CRC and ACIAR have supported research and develop- ment for biosecurity in the Mekong countries through collaborations among institutions in Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand and Vietnam, with international agencies such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization and, in many cases, with Australian partners. It is a shared goal of all these organisations to improve animal biosecurity in the region as a significant pathway to improving food security and reducing poverty. These collaborations have sought to build national and regional capacity to pre- vent, control and, where appropriate, eradicate livestock diseases through formal and informal training. Research has been supported on endemic and epizootic diseases of national and international significance, as has the strengthening of animal health services. There has been a strong commitment to the development of skills in risk analysis, epidemiology, communication, pathogen detection, disease ecology and surveillance, legislation and governance, contingency planning and risk-based strategies for managing livestock movements. To strengthen and refocus these initiatives it was considered timely to convene a workshop for the organisations and key stakeholders to examine achieve- ments, assess future gaps and needs in research and development of direct relevance to ACIAR and OIE priorities in the Mekong, and identify opportu- nities to further develop research linkages between the region and Australia. The Cambodian Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, through the 3 Department of Animal Health and Production, kindly hosted the workshop in Siem Reap in August 2010. ACIAR is pleased to support the publication and distribution of the proceedings and to continue working closely with the participating individuals and their organisations. Nick Austin Chief Executive Officer ACIAR 4 Contents Foreword 3 Acknowledgments 7 Contributors 8 Introduction 11 Workshop summary 12 Lisa Adams, Doug Gray and Gardner Murray Disease control, risk and biosecurity 17 Biosecurity 2020—looking forward 10 years 18 Peter Black Establishing preborder biosecurity—avian influenza control and poultry trade in East Nusa Tenggara province, eastern Indonesia 22 Maria Geong and Jenny-Ann Toribio Making use of expert opinion for biosecurity decisions 25 Greg Hood, Mark Burgman and Simon Barry A multiregion perspective on human and animal emerging infectious diseases 30 Ro McFarlane Patterns of livestock production, movement and trade 39 Emerging production and market environment for livestock in the Mekong region: opportunities, challenges and the response 40 Vinod Ahuja Characteristics of livestock traders and trading in Cambodia 45 Socheat Sieng, Chris Hawkins, Ben Madin and James Kerr Working with traders to understand livestock movements and spread of animal diseases in Cambodia and Lao PDR 59 James Kerr, Socheat Sieng and Axelle Scoizec Gathering information on livestock movement in Mekong countries 65 Ben Madin 5 Biosecurity systems and capacity 69 Linking development and research projects: the Northern Regional Sustainable Livelihoods through Livestock Development Project 70 Syseng Khounsy Livestock trading and foot-and-mouth disease risk 73 Chris Hawkins, Socheat Sieng and James Kerr World Organisation for Animal Health performance of veterinary services 80 Ronello Abila and John Stratton Diagnostic capacity for regional emergency infectious disease preparedness 83 Peter Daniels, Chris Morrissy, Bagoes Poermadjaja, Paul Selleck, John Stratton, John Allen, Pawin Padungtod, Axel Colling, Ngo Thanh Long, Frank Wong, Agus Wiyono, Ronello Abila and Wantanee Kalpravidh Animal health communication in South-East Asia 87 Domingo Caro III, John Edwards, Kate Fitch, Anne Surma and Subhash Morzaria Making sense of local knowledge and indigenous practices on health and biosecurity risk management 90 Elaine Llarena, John Edwards, Anne Surma, Kate Fitch and Carolyn Benigno Disease control programs 93 South-East Asia and China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Campaign and Roadmap 2020 as a model for regional development 94 Ronella Abila, Gardner Murray and Sharie Michelle Aviso Village-based approaches to biosecurity in the Mekong region 97 Peter Windsor, Syseng Khounsy, Suon Sothoeun, Sonevilay Nampanya, John Stratton, Luzia Rast, Lynn Henry and Russell Bush Balancing endemic and epidemic disease priorities 101 Kyaw Naing Oo Foot-and-mouth disease in the Malaysia–Thailand–Burma peninsula: addressing disease at the source 104 Polly Cocks, Ian Robertson, Ronello Abila, Peter Black and John Edwards A progressive zoning approach for the control of foot-and-mouth disease in Burma 108 Kyaw Naing Oo, Ian Robertson, John Edwards and Peter Black Foot-and-mouth disease in the southern provinces of Cambodia 110 Tum Sothyra, Ian Robertson, John Edwards and Subhash Morzaria 6 Acknowledgments The editors would like to thank all the authors for preparing papers for these proceedings, and for sharing their knowledge, experiences and insights on ani- mal biosecurity. Thanks to Liz Williams, formerly of the Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease (AB-CRC), for advising the authors and collating the papers. Thanks also to everyone who contributed photographs. The support of the workshop sponsors, the AB-CRC, the World Organisation for Animal Health and the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are also due to the Cambodian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, and staff of the Cambodian Department of Animal Health and Production for hosting the workshop in Siem Reap. Finally, sincere thanks to everyone who participated at the workshop; your enthusiasm, good will and wise counsel for shaping future directions in biosecurity research, development and extension in the Mekong is very much appreciated. 7 Contributors Editors and authors • Axel