Energy Plan for Roskilde Municipality with Focus on Onshore Wind Turbines port ap R Master DTU Vindenergi Dorte Brandt Andersen [DTU Wind Energy Master Thesis M0084] November 2015 Author: Dorte Brandt Andersen [DTU Wind Energy Master Thesis Title: Energy Plan for Roskilde Municipality with Focus on M0084] Onshore Wind Turbines 2015 Project period: 02.02.2015 – 02.11.2015 ECTS: 30 Education: Master of Science Area: Wind Energy Supervisors: Niels-Erik Clausen Marie Münster Bonnie Ram Comments: This report is submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation in the above education at the Technical University of Denmark. Project no.: DTU Wind Energy Master Thesis M-0084 Pages: 80 pages Appendix: 63 pages Danmarks Tekniske Universitet DTU Vindenergi Nils Koppels Allé Bygning 403 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Telefon www.vindenergi.dtu.dk Preface This thesis is made as a completion of the master education Sustainable Energy at The Technical University of Denmark. The author has a bachelor degree in Construction and Production from same university. Several persons have contributed to this thesis. I would like to thank all my supervisors; Niels- Erik Clausen, Marie Münster and Bonnie Ram. I would thank Niels Gylling Mortensen for help with the program WAsP. Lise-Lotte Pade for support and guidens. Further I would like to thank all who has taking the time for a meeting with me: Tyge Kjær from RUC, Marie Johansen from Aalborg Diocese, Peter Fischer-Møller bishop in Roskilde, Lærke Møller Toftlund from energy cluster Zealand, Thomas Budde Christensen from RUC, Lia Kaufmann from the wind turbine task force, Søren Magnussen from Roskilde municipality and Benedicte Julie Volelen from Energiplan. Finally I would like to thank my family and friends for help and support. Lyngby, November, 2015 Dorte Brandt Andersen Energy Plan for Roskilde Municipality with Focus on Onshore Wind Turbines Content List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................. 7 Abstract................................................................................................................................ 8 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 9 1.1 The Thesis ............................................................................................................................. 11 1.2 The Danish Energy System ...................................................................................................... 12 1.2.1 Energy Politics in Denmark ............................................................................. 12 1.3 Roskilde Municipality ............................................................................................................. 12 1.3.1 The Geographical location of Roskilde ............................................................. 13 1.3.2 The Energy System in Roskilde ....................................................................... 13 1.3.3 The energy policy in Roskilde ......................................................................... 14 2. The Energy System .................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Strategic Energy Analyse ......................................................................................................... 14 2.1.1 The Present System ........................................................................................ 14 2.1.2 The Calculation of the CO2 Emissions ........................................................... 15 2.1.3 Strategic Energy Plan ..................................................................................... 17 2.1.4 Models .......................................................................................................... 19 2.1.5 Scenarios ....................................................................................................... 22 2.1.6 Roskilde Municipality..................................................................................... 22 2.1.7 Høje Taastrup Municipality ............................................................................. 26 2.1.8 Comparable Plans for Municipalities ................................................................ 28 2.2 The Future in Roskilde Energy System ..................................................................................... 33 3. The Siting of Onshore Wind Turbines.......................................................................... 35 3.1 WAsP- The Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program......................................................... 36 3.2 The Geographical and Wind Map ............................................................................................. 36 3.2.1 The Topographical input ................................................................................. 37 3.2.2 The wind Data................................................................................................ 38 3.3 Wind Farm Design .................................................................................................................. 41 3.4 The Electric Grid .................................................................................................................... 41 3.5 Wind Turbine Selection ........................................................................................................... 43 3.6 Wind Farm Economics ............................................................................................................ 44 3.6.1 Project Feasibility ........................................................................................... 44 3.6.2 Support for Renewable Energy Technologies .................................................... 47 3.7 Environmental Impact Assessment ........................................................................................... 50 3.7.1 Community and Neighbor Impact .................................................................... 50 3.7.2 Birds and Bats ................................................................................................ 51 3.7.3 Flora and Fauna ............................................................................................. 51 4. Wind Turbines and Churches ...................................................................................... 53 4.1 Green Churches ...................................................................................................................... 57 4.2 Media Investigation of Wind Turbines and Churches .................................................................. 59 4 Energy Plan for Roskilde Municipality with Focus on Onshore Wind Turbines 4.3 Stakeholder Analysis .............................................................................................................. 60 4.3.1 A Stakeholder Analysis for an Onshore Wind Project ........................................ 62 5. The Present Wind Turbines in Roskilde ....................................................................... 65 6. New Wind Turbines ................................................................................................... 67 6.1 Siting .................................................................................................................................... 67 6.1.1 Environmental Impact Assessment .................................................................. 70 6.2 The Grid in Roskilde ............................................................................................................... 73 6.3 Annual Energy Production ....................................................................................................... 74 6.4 Feasibility .............................................................................................................................. 75 6.4.1 Sensitivity Analysis ........................................................................................ 76 6.5 New Areas in Roskilde ............................................................................................................ 77 7. Upscaling Roskilde Model ......................................................................................... 79 7.1 How to Plan the Future ............................................................................................................ 84 7.1.1 National to Local ........................................................................................... 85 8. Discussion ................................................................................................................ 86 8.1 Further Projects ...................................................................................................................... 88 9.Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 88 References ........................................................................................................................ 90 Appendix A The National Energy System ................................................................. 102 Appendix B National Energy Policies ........................................................................ 106 Appendix C Skjoldungelandet ................................................................................... 110 Appendix D Roskilde Energy Sector and politics ...................................................... 111