C. CHRISTOLOGY CHRIST THE MEDIATOR OF SALVATION. Our redemption was achieved completely by Christ the God-Man in His two states of exinanition and exaltation, which suggests the division of this part of dogmatics into three main heads. 1. The person of the Redeemer: He is the God-man. 2. The two states of his existence: Humiliation and Exaltation 3. The mediatorial work of Christ and his offices of Prophet, Priest, and King. 1. The Person of the Redeemer. The material will be presented under three heads. A. The two natures of Christ. B. The union of the two natures. C. The communication of idioms (idioms = attributes and activities specific to each nature). A. The Two Natures. I. Christ is true God. Note. For a presentation of the wealth of Scripture testimony on this point see the section on the Holy Trinity, I, 6 (pages 175-181). See also the Monarchian and Arian controversies (page 198-199). Colossians 2:9 For in Christ all the fullness of the Deity lives in bodily form. II. Christ is true man. 1. This truth is stated in general terms. John 1:14 The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us. We have seen his glory, the glory of the One and Only, who came from the Father, full of grace and truth. 1 Timothy 2:5 For there is one God and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus. Hebrews 2:14,17 Since the children have flesh and blood (αἵματος καὶ σαρκός), he too shared in their humanity (μετέσχεν τῶν αὐτῶν) so that by his death he might destroy him who holds the power of death—that is, the devil— 17 For this reason he had to be made like his brothers in every way, in order that he might become a merciful and faithful high priest in service to God, and that he might make atonement for the sins of the people. 505 Notice the comparisons between Adam and Jesus, the second Adam: Romans 5:15-19 But the gift is not like the trespass. For if the many died by the trespass of the one man, how much more did God’s grace and the gift that came by the grace of the one man, Jesus Christ, overflow to the many! 16 Again, the gift of God is not like the result of the one man’s sin: The judgment followed one sin and brought condemnation, but the gift followed many trespasses and brought justification. 17 For if, by the trespass of the one man, death reigned through that one man, how much more will those who receive God’s abundant provision of grace and of the gift of righteousness reign in life through the one man, Jesus Christ. 18 Consequently, just as the result of one trespass was condemnation for all men, so also the result of one act of righteousness was justification that brings life for all men. 19 For just as through the disobedience of the one man the many were made sinners, so also through the obedience of the one man the many will be made righteous. 1 Corinthians 15:47 The first man was of the dust of the earth, the second man from heaven. 2. This humanity includes a human soul, with human volition. Matthew 20:28 Just as the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many. John 12:27 Now my heart is troubled, and what shall I say? “Father, save me from this hour?” No, it was for this very reason I came to this hour. John 10:17,18 The reason my Father loves me is that I lay down my life—only to take it up again. 18 No one takes it from me, but I lay it down of my own accord. I have authority to lay it down and authority to take it up again. This command I received from my Father. Matthew 26:38,39 Then he said to them, “My soul is overwhelmed with sorrow to the point of death. Stay here and keep watch with me.” 39 Going a little farther, he fell with his face to the ground and prayed, “My Father, if it is possible, may this cup be taken from me. Yet not as I will, but as you will.” 3. This humanity is rejected by various heresies. a) Docetic Gnostics, who taught that the divine would not unite with flesh, so Christ only seemed to be man (his body a phantom, his suffering a shadow play). Ignatius of Antioch (d. 107): Do not pay attention if anyone speaks to you apart from Jesus Christ, who was of the family of David, the child of Mary, who was truly born, who ate and drank, who was truly persecuted under Pontius Pilate, was truly crucified and truly died, in full view of heaven, earth, and hell, and who was truly raised from the dead…. But, if as some godless people, that is, unbelievers say, he suffered in mere appearance (to dokein pepothenai)—being themselves mere appearances—why am I in bonds [as a martyr] (Letter to the Trallians, 9-10). 506 Ireneus ( d. ca. 200): Saturninus…declared that the Savior was unborn, uncorporeal, and without form, asserting that he was seen as a human being in appearance only (Adversus haereses l.xxiv.12-2). Tertullian (d. 220): He suffered nothing who did not truly suffer; and a phantom could not truly suffer…. Now if his death is denied because of the denial of this flesh, there will be no certainty of this resurrection. Similarly is Christ’s resurrection is nullified ours is also destroyed (Against Marcion, ANF III, 328). b) Apollinarius who taught that the Λόγος takes the place of the human spirit so that there is no complete human nature. The Word became flesh, but he did not become fully human. Christ had human psuche but not pneuma. Opposed by Cyril of Alexandria. Apollinarius (a.k.a. Apollinaris) (d. 390): The Word himself has become flesh, without having assumed a human mind—that is, a changeable mind, which is enslaved to filthy thoughts—but which exists as an immutable and heavenly divine mind (Letter 2). Gregory of Nyssa (d. 394) in opposition: Mind, which is man’s proper nature, distinguishes him from irrational beasts…. Man is necessarily rational and is not a man should he lack this capacity (Against Apollinaris, p 14). c) The Monothelites who taught that Jesus lacked a truly human will, since the only will was that of the Λόγος. Sergius of Constantinople, Cyrus of Alexandria and Pope Honorius vs Sophronius of Palestine, Popes Martin and Agatho and the Council of 680. Sergius (d. 638): For the saving doctrine of the holy Fathers clearly teaches that the intellectually animated flesh of the Lord never performs its natural movement apart from, and by its own impetus contrariwise to, the direction of the Word of God hypostatically united to it, but only at the time and in the manner and to the extent that the Word of God wishes, just as our body is moved by our rational soul (Letter to Honorius). Council of Constantinople (680): We likewise preach two natural wills in Christ, and two natural operations undivided, inconvertible, inseparable, unmixed, according to the doctrine of the holy fathers, and the two natural wills are not contrary (as the impious heretics assert) far from it! But his human will follows the divine will and is not resisting or reluctant but rather subject to his divine and omnipotent will. d) The orthodox fathers opposed the denial of the full humanity. Gregory Nazianzen: τὸ ἀπρόσληπτον ἀθεράπευτον. Cyril of Jerusalem: Εἰ φαντασία ἦν ἡ ἐνανθρώπησις, φαντασία καὶ ἡ σωτηρία. 4. Christ is one person. a) The human nature was non-personal. 507 John 1:14 The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us. We have seen his glory, the glory of the One and Only, who came from the Father, full of grace and truth. Augustine: The Word did not take on a human person, but a human nature (De Fide ad Petrum, ch. 17, MPL 40, 772). b) The human nature was received into the personality of the Logos. ἅμα σρξ, ἅμα Λόγου σάρξ. We acknowledge the divine mystery. Gerhard: In Christ there is ἄλλο καὶ ἄλλο, since his divine essence, or nature, is something else than his human essence, or nature; however, he is not ἄλλος καὶ ἄλλος, since there are not two persons, a divine person and a human person, but the θεάνθρωπος is one God and Man and therefore one Person (Exeg. 1.4 par. 34). Athanasian Creed: 28-34: For the right faith is, that we believe and confess that our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is God and Man; God of the Substance of the Father, begotten before the worlds; and Man of the substance of his mother, born in the world; Perfect God and perfect Man, of a reasonable soul and human flesh subsisting. Equal to the Father as touching his Godhead, and inferior to the Father as touching his manhood; Who, although He be God and Man, yet He is not two, but one Christ: One, not by conversion of the Godhead into flesh, but by taking the manhood into God; One altogether; not by confusion of Substance, but by unity of Person. Formula of Concord, T.D., VIII, 6: We believe, teach, and confess that the Son of God, although from eternity He has been a particular, distinct, entire divine person, and thus, with the Father and the Holy Spirit, true, essential, perfect God, nevertheless, in the fullness of time assumed also human nature into the unity of his person, not in such a way that there now are two persons or two Christs, but that Christ Jesus is now in one person at the same time true, eternal God, born of the Father from eternity, and a true man, born of the most blessed Virgin Mary, as it is written Rom.