71-7525 MURPHY, Melvin L. , 1936- THE COLUMBUS URBAN LEAGUE: A HISTORY, 1917-1967. The Ohio State University,Ph.D., 1970 H isto r y , modern University Microfilms, A XEROX Company , Ann Arbor, Michigan Copyright by Melvin L. Murphy 1971 THE COLUMBUS URBAN LEAGUE: A HISTORY, 1917-1967 DISSERTATION Presented In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy In the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Melvin L. Murphy, B.A., M.A. ****** The Ohio State University 1970 Approved by Adviser Deparlroent of History ACKNOWLEDGMENT I express thanks to many people. To my professor and adviser. Dr. Merton Dillon, who meticu­ lously studied the manuscript, offered suggestions and offered encouragement. To Professors Fisher, Young, Coles and others at Ohio State who have encouraged me and have helped me to understand the true value of historical research. To Miss Barbara RIchburg, who greatly contributed to my happiness and well being while the work was going on. To my mother and father, Mr. and Mrs, Harold Murphy, to whom I shall always be indebted. And, general acknowledgments are due to the library staffs of Ohio State University, Ohio State Library, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus Public Library, and the local office of the Columbus Urban League; and Mrs. Florence Horchow and Mr. Nimrod B. AI I en for the Invaluable service rendered. II VITA February 14, 1936 . , Born - Kinston, North Carolina 1964.......................................... B.A., North Carolina Centrai University, Durham, North Carolina 1964-1965 ............................ Instructor, Grambling College, Grambling, Louisiana 1966.......................................... M.A., North Caroiina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 1965-1967 ............................ Instructor, Elizabeth City State University, Elizabeth City, North Caroiina 1967-1970 ............................ Post graduate study, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History History of the American Coionies and the American Revolution. Professors Paul Bowers and Bradley Chapin History of Jeffersonian and Jacksonian Democracy. Professors Mary Young and David Hodgson History of Sectionalism, the Civil War and Reconstruction. Professor Merton Dillon History of the Middle East in Medieval and Modern Times. Professor Sydney Fisher III TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................. Il VITA............................................................................................................................. Ill LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................... vl LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................ vll INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... I Chapter I. GENERAL BACKGROUND; CONDITIONS AND EVENTS THAT LED UP TO THE SOUTHERN NEGRO MIGRATION; COLUMBUS, OHIO, PRIOR TO AND DURING THE MIGRATION............................... 4 II. THE FEDERATED SOCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL WELFARE MOVEMENT AND THE COLUMBUS URBAN LEAGUE: THE FORMATIVE YEARS, I9I7-I92I ............................................................ 27 III. THE POST-WORLD WAR I DECADE, 1921-19 3 1.............................. 37 IV. THE DEPRESSION DECADE AND THE NEW EPOCH, 1931-1954................................................................................................. 53 V. THE 1954 SUPREME COURT DECISION AND THE END OF AN ERA; RETIREMENT OF EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR MR. NIMROD B. ALLEN............................................................................ 73 VI. THE LATE FIFTIES; THE GATHERING STORM................................... 86 Vll. THE TURBULENT SIXTIES; A PERIOD OF CHANGE AND INNOVATION.................................... 107 CONCLUSION............................ ............................................................................ 127 Iv TABLE OF œNTENTS—CONTINUED Page APPENDIX A. ................................................................... 136 B......................................................................... 137 G...................................................................................... 139 D................................................................................................................................ 140 BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................... 142 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Per Cent of Negroes from 1840 to 1920 (Columbus, Ohio) ............................................................................................... 14 2. Occupations of Persons Eighteen Years of Age or Over: Migrants and Non-Migrants (the Champion Avenue District,Columbus, Ohio) ..... 24 3. Vote in Gubernatorial Elections in Predomi­ nantly Negro Wards in Columbus, Ohio, 1932, 1936 and 1938 .......................................................................................... 58 4. Vote in Presidential Elections in Columbus, Ohio's Predominantly Negro Ward in 1936 . 58 vl LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page I. The "New Epoch" of the Columbus Urban League ..... 67 vll INTRODUCTION During the first quarter of the twentieth century there was a growing interest on the part of socialiy minded men and women in New York City on the living and working conditions of Negroes. Through the efforts of William H. Baidwin, J r ., Colonel William J. Schieffelin, Frances A. Kellor, and others in 1905, two organizations were formed in New York City; one caiied the Committee for improving Industriai Condi­ tions of Negroes in New York, the other the Nationai League for the Protection of Colored Women. Both of these bodies had representatives of the white and Negro races on their boards. The idea of cooperation between the two races in working out the problems they attempted to solve was definitely present in both. George E. Haynes, a graduate student at Columbia University and with the School of Philanthropy in New York, made a speciai study of conditions of Negro iife in New York City, and became acquainted with the personnei of both organizations. He found the f ir s t devoted to Increasing employment opportunities for Negroes and giving them trade training. The second devoted itse lf to giving care, supervision ; and direction by hired Traveler's Aid agents to the large number of Negro g irls coming from the South for domestic employment in New York. Haynes reported his findings to both committees and it was decided that a third committee be formed to act as a coordinating agency and round out a larger program of community life for Negroes in New York. I 2 With members from the three committees and friends, Haynes was able to combine the three organizations under the title of the National Urban League on Conditions Among Negroes. The League's transition period (1916-1921) Is the period In which this study of the Columbus Urban League begins. In 1918 a newly created Negro Welfare Movement was formed for the purpose of aiding black migrants to the city of Columbus. This organization sent a representative to a conference of the National Urban League In Detroit, Michigan to report back to the Welfare Movement the nature and scope of the National Urban League's activities. The repre­ sentative's report to the Movement was favorable. The Movement's board of directors decided that the Columbus Welfare Movement should become an affiliate of the National Urban League since the nature and scope of the two groups work was simllar. The fifty-year history of the Columbus Urban League fa lls Into four major periods: the years of World War I, the years of the depres­ sion, the years of World War II, and the years since the Supreme Court decision of 1954. During the first three periods the League's activities were directed by Nimrod B. Allen (1921-1954); the fourth period by Andrew G. Freeman (1954-1961), Chester H. Jones (1962-1965), and Robert D. Brown (1966-present). During the f ir s t period the League sought to meet the problems created In the city as a result of the massive black exodus from the rural deep South during and after World War I. It attempted to meet migrants' needs by means of direct service. The League's work fell Into three divisions: adjustment, employment, and housing. Its objective was to welcome the newcomers to homes, schools and churches; to assist them In securing employment, to become Industrially efficien t, and to aid them In securing homes with sanitary surroundings. 3 During the depression the League met the challenge by coopera­ ting with federal and state government agencies in sponsoring community gardens, emergency nursery schools, health clinics, canning kitchens, sewing units and establishing playgrounds for children. World War II brought new problems. Structural changes were announced in an organizational chart in 1943, labeled "The New Epoch of the Columbus Urban League." This was an attempt by the League to curtail some of Its many activities which came about as a result of the depres­ sion. Four departments were established: (I) Industrial, (2) Youth, (3) Public Relations, and (4) Community and Neighborhood. The Industrial Department's concern was to develop a long-range program for workers' education and to encourage Negroes in the efficient use of their skills. The Yough Department dealt with wholesome leadership and coordinating