Countermeasures That Work: A Highway Safety Countermeasure Guide For State Highway Safety Offices Ninth Edition, 2017 Disclaimer This publication is distributed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in the interest of information exchange. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Transportation or the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The United States Government assumes no liability for its content or use thereof. If trade or manufacturers’ names or products are mentioned, it is because they are considered essential to the object of the publication and should not be construed as an endorsement. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Suggested APA Format Citation: Richard, C. M., Magee, K., Bacon-Abdelmoteleb, P., & Brown, J. L. (2018, April). Countermeasures that work: A highway safety countermeasure guide for State Highway Safety Offices, Ninth edition (Report No. DOT HS 812 478). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. DOT HS 812 478 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Countermeasures That Work: A Highway Safety Countermeasure Guide Arpil 2018 For State Highway Safety Offices, Ninth Edition, 2017 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Authors 8. Performing Organization Report Christian M. Richard, Kelly Magee, Paige Bacon-Abdelmoteleb, and No. James L. Brown 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Battelle Memorial Institute 1100 Dexter Ave N 11. Contract or Grant No. Suite #400 Seattle, WA 98109 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Final Report Office of Behavioral Safety Research 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE. 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, DC 20590 15. Supplementary Notes Kristie Johnson, Ph.D., served as the Contracting Officer’s Representative on this project. 16. Abstract The guide is a basic reference to assist State Highway Safety Offices (SHSOs) in selecting effective, evidence- based countermeasures for traffic safety problem areas. These areas include: Alcohol- and Drug-Impaired Driving; Seat Belts and Child Restraints; Speeding and Speed Management; Distracted and Drowsy Driving; Motorcycle Safety; Young Drivers; Older Drivers; Pedestrian Safety; and Bicycle Safety. The guide: describes major strategies and countermeasures that are relevant to SHSOs; summarizes strategy/countermeasure use, effectiveness, costs, and implementation time; and provides references to the most important research summaries and individual studies. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Alcohol-Impaired Driving, Drug-Impaired Driving, Seat Belts, Child This document is available to the Restraints, Speeding, Distracted Driving, Drowsy Driving, Motorcycle public through the National Safety, Young Drivers, Older Drivers, Pedestrians, Bicycles, Unsafe Technical Information Service, Driving www.ntis.gov. 19 Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21 No. of 22. Price Pages Unclassified Unclassified 567 i Table of Contents Note: Asterisks next to topics indicate one- and two-star countermeasures. These countermeasures are summarized in the main document, with full write-ups provided in the appendices. Preface to the Ninth Edition, 2017 x User Suggestions and Future Editions x Introduction 1 Purpose of the Guide 1 How to Use the Guide 1 1. Alcohol- and Drug-Impaired Driving 1-1 Overview 1-1 Strategies to Reduce Impaired Driving 1-5 Resources 1-7 Deterrence 1-13 1. Deterrence: Laws 1-15 1.1 Administrative License Revocation or Suspension 1-15 1.2 Open Container 1-17 1.3 High-BAC Sanctions 1-18 1.4 BAC Test Refusal Penalties 1-20 1.5 Alcohol-Impaired-Driving Law Review 1-22 2. Deterrence: Enforcement 1-24 2.1 Publicized Sobriety Checkpoints 1-24 2.2 High-Visibility Saturation Patrols 1-27 2.3 Breath Test Devices 1-28 2.4 Passive Alcohol Sensors 1-30 2.5 Integrated Enforcement 1-31 3. Deterrence: Prosecution and Adjudication 1-33 3.1 DWI Courts 1-33 3.2 Limits on Diversion and Plea Agreements 1-36 3.3 Court Monitoring 1-38 3.4 Sanctions* 1-39 4. Deterrence: DWI Offender Treatment, Monitoring, and Control 1-40 4.1 Alcohol Problem Assessment and Treatment 1-40 4.2 Alcohol Ignition Interlocks 1-42 4.3 Vehicle and License Plate Sanctions 1-46 4.4 DWI Offender Monitoring 1-48 4.5 Lower BAC Limits for Repeat Offenders 1-50 5. Prevention, Intervention, Communications, and Outreach 1-51 5.1 Alcohol Screening and Brief Interventions 1-52 5.2 Mass Media Campaigns 1-54 5.3 Responsible Beverage Service* 1-56 5.4 Alternative Transportation* 1-57 5.5 Designated Drivers* 1-58 6. Underage Drinking and Drinking and Driving 1-59 6.1 Minimum Legal Drinking Age 21 Laws 1-60 6.2 Zero-Tolerance Law Enforcement 1-62 6.3 Alcohol Vendor Compliance Checks 1-64 6.4 Other Minimum Legal Drinking Age 21 Law Enforcement 1-66 6.5 Youth Programs* 1-68 7. Drug-Impaired Driving 1-69 7.1 Enforcement of Drug-Impaired Driving 1-71 7.2 Drug-Impaired-Driving Laws* 1-73 7.3 Education Regarding Medications* 1-74 Alcohol- and Drug-Impaired-Driving References 1-75 2. Seat Belts and Child Restraints 2-1 Overview 2-1 Strategies to Improve the Safety of Passenger Vehicle Occupants 2-3 Resources 2-6 1. Seat Belt Use Laws 2-11 1.1 State Primary Enforcement Seat Belt Use Laws 2-11 1.2 Local Primary Enforcement Seat Belt Use Laws and Ordinances 2-14 1.3 Increased Belt Use Law Penalties: Fines and Driver’s License Points 2-15 2. Seat Belt Law Enforcement 2-17 2.1 Short-Term, High-Visibility Seat Belt Law Enforcement 2-17 2.2 Integrated Nighttime Seat Belt Enforcement 2-20 2.3 Sustained Enforcement 2-22 3. Communications and Outreach 2-23 3.1 Supporting Enforcement 2-23 3.2 Strategies for Low-Belt-Use Groups 2-24 Countermeasures Targeting Children and Youth 2-27 4. Child/Youth Occupant Restraint Laws 2-27 4.1 Strengthening Child/Youth Occupant Restraint Laws 2-27 5. Child Restraint/Booster Seat Law Enforcement 2-29 5.1 Short-Term High-Visibility Child Restraint/Booster Law Enforcement 2-29 6. Communications and Outreach 2-31 6.1 Strategies for Older Children 2-31 6.2 Strategies for Child Restraint & Booster Seat Use 2-33 7. Other Strategies 2-34 7.1 School Programs 2-34 7.2 Inspection Stations 2-35 Seat Belts and Child Restraints References 2-36 3. Speeding and Speed Management 3-1 Overview 3-1 Strategies to Reduce Speeding and Aggressive Driving 3-5 Resources 3-10 i 1. Laws 3-15 1.1 Speed Limits 3-15 1.2 Aggressive Driving and Other Laws* 3-19 2. Enforcement 3-20 2.1 Automated Enforcement 3-20 2.2 High-Visibility Enforcement* 3-27 2.3 Other Enforcement Methods* 3-28 3. Penalties and Adjudication 3-29 3.1 Penalty Types and Levels* 3-29 3.2 Diversion and Plea Agreement Restrictions; Traffic Violator School* 3-30 4. Communications and Outreach 3-31 4.1 Communications and Outreach Supporting Enforcement 3-31 Speed and Speed Management References 3-33 4. Distracted and Drowsy Driving 4-1 Overview 4-1 Strategies to Reduce Distracted and Drowsy Driving 4-5 Resources 4-6 1. Laws and Enforcement 4-11 1.1 Graduated Driver Licensing Requirements for Beginning Drivers 4-11 1.2 Cell Phone and Text Messaging Laws* 4-13 1.3 High-Visibility Cell Phone and Text Messaging Enforcement 4-14 1.4 General Driver Drowsiness and Distraction Laws* 4-16 2. Communications and Outreach 4-17 2.1 Communications and Outreach on Drowsy Driving* 4-17 2.2 Communications and Outreach on Distracted Driving* 4-18 3. Other Countermeasures 4-19 3.1 Employer Programs* 4-19 3.2 Education Regarding Medical Conditions and Medications* 4-20 Distracted and Drowsy Driving References 4-21 5. Motorcycle Safety 5-1 Overview 5-1 Strategies to Improve Motorcycle Safety 5-3 Resources 5-4 1. Motorcycle Helmets 5-8 1.1 Universal Coverage State Motorcycle Helmet Use Laws 5-8 1.2 Motorcycle Helmet Use Promotion Programs* 5-11 1.3 Motorcycle Helmet Law Enforcement: Noncompliant Helmets* 5-12 2. Alcohol Impairment 5-13 2.1 Alcohol-Impaired Motorcyclists: Detection, Enforcement, and Sanctions 5-13 2.2 Alcohol-Impaired Motorcyclists: Communications and Outreach* 5-16 3. Motorcycle Rider Licensing and Training 5-17 3.1 Motorcycle Rider Licensing* 5-17 3.2 Motorcycle Rider Training* 5-18 4. Communications and Outreach 5-19 ii 4.1 Communications and Outreach: Conspicuity and Protective Clothing* 5-19 4.2 Communications and Outreach: Other Driver Awareness of Motorcyclists* 5-20 Motorcycle Safety References 5-21 6. Young Drivers 6-1 Overview 6-1 Strategies to Reduce Crashes Involving Young Drivers 6-3 Resources 6-5 1. Graduated Driver Licensing 6-9 1.1 Graduated Driver Licensing 6-9 1.2 GDL Learner’s Permit Length, Supervised Hours 6-11 1.3 GDL Intermediate License Nighttime Restrictions 6-13 1.4 GDL Intermediate License Passenger Restrictions 6-14 1.5 GDL Cell Phone Restrictions* 6-16 1.6 GDL Belt Use Requirements* 6-17 1.7 GDL Intermediate License Violation Penalties* 6-18 2. Driver Education 6-19 2.1 Pre-Licensure Driver Education* 6-19 2.2 Post-Licensure or Second-Tier Driver Education* 6-20 3. Parents 6-21 3.1 Parental Role in Teaching and Managing Young Drivers* 6-21 4. Traffic Law Enforcement 6-22 4.1 Enforcement of GDL and Zero-Tolerance Laws 6-22 Young Driver References 6-24 7.