SCRREEN Coordination and Support Action (CSA) This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730227. Start date : 2016-11-01 Duration : 38 Months www.scrreen.eu Technological gaps inhibiting the exploitation of CRMs primary resources Authors : Dr. Jordi GUIMERA (AMPHOS21) SCRREEN - D6.1 - Issued on 2019-12-18 22:10:32 by AMPHOS21 SCRREEN - D6.1 - Issued on 2019-12-18 22:10:32 by AMPHOS21 SCRREEN - Contract Number: 730227 Project officer: Jonas Hedberg Document title Technological gaps inhibiting the exploitation of CRMs primary resources Author(s) Dr. Jordi GUIMERA Number of pages 126 Document type Deliverable Work Package WP6 Document number D6.1 Issued by AMPHOS21 Date of completion 2019-12-18 22:10:32 Dissemination level Public Summary Technological gaps inhibiting the exploitation of CRMs primary resources Approval Date By 2019-12-19 10:05:27 Mrs. Maria TAXIARCHOU (LabMet, NTUA) 2020-01-27 08:01:27 Mr. Stéphane BOURG (CEA) SCRREEN - D6.1 - Issued on 2019-12-18 22:10:32 by AMPHOS21 SCRREEN This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730227. Start date: 2016-11-01 Duration: 37 Months DELIVERABLE 6.1: TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS AND BARRIERS ON PRIMARY RESOURCES AUTHOR(S): Aina Bruno Diaz (Amphos 21) Susanna Casanovas (Amphos 21) Lena Sundqvist (SWERIM) Stéphane Bourg (CEA) Michael Samouhos (NTUA) DATE OF SUBMISSION: 09/12/2019 CONTENT List of figures ........................................................................................................................................................... 6 List of tables ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 About the SCRREEN project .................................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 10 TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS AND BARRIERS IN PRIMARY RESOURCES ........................................................................ 11 ANTIMONY ........................................................................................................................................................ 11 1. THE PRIMARY RESOURCES .................................................................................................................... 11 2. GAPS & BARRIERS – proposed processing routes ................................................................................. 11 BARYTE .............................................................................................................................................................. 15 1. THE PRIMARY RESOURCES .................................................................................................................... 15 2. GAPS & BARRIERS – proposed processing routes ................................................................................. 16 3. ENVIRONMENTAL impact OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES and residue treatment .......................... 21 Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 21 BERYLLIUM ........................................................................................................................................................ 22 1. THE PRIMARY RESOURCES .................................................................................................................... 22 2. GAPS & BARRIERS – proposed processing routes ................................................................................. 22 3. ENVIRONMENTAL impact OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES and residue treatment .......................... 23 BISMUTH ........................................................................................................................................................... 24 1. THE PRIMARY RESOURCES .................................................................................................................... 24 2. GAPS & BARRIERS – proposed processing routes ................................................................................. 24 3. ENVIRONMENTAL impact OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES and residue treatment .......................... 24 BORATES............................................................................................................................................................ 25 1. THE PRIMARY RESOURCES .................................................................................................................... 25 2. GAPS & BARRIERS – proposed processing routes ................................................................................. 25 3. ENVIRONMENTAL impact OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES and residue treatment .......................... 26 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730227 SCRREEN D6.1|Technological gaps and barriers on primary resources|Rev.0| 2 CERIUM ............................................................................................................................................................. 27 1. THE PRIMARY RESOURCES ........................................................................................................................ 27 2. GAPS & BARRIERS – proposed processing routes ................................................................................. 29 3. ENVIRONMENTAL impact OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES and residue treatment .......................... 31 COBALT .............................................................................................................................................................. 33 1. THE PRIMARY RESOURCES .................................................................................................................... 33 2. GAPS & BARRIERS – proposed processing routes ................................................................................. 33 3. ENVIRONMENTAL impact OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES and residue treatment .......................... 37 Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 38 COKING COAL .................................................................................................................................................... 40 1. THE PRIMARY RESOURCES .................................................................................................................... 40 2. GAPS & BARRIERS – proposed processing routes ................................................................................. 40 Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 42 HAFNIUM .......................................................................................................................................................... 43 1. THE PRIMARY RESOURCES .................................................................................................................... 43 2. GAPS & BARRIERS – proposed processing routes ................................................................................. 44 3. ENVIRONMENTAL impact OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES and residue treatment .......................... 46 Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 46 HEAVY RARE EARTH ELEMENTS ........................................................................................................................ 47 1. THE PRIMARY RESOURCES .................................................................................................................... 47 2. GAPS & BARRIERS – proposed processing routes ................................................................................. 49 LANTHANUM ..................................................................................................................................................... 52 1. THE PRIMARY RESOURCES .................................................................................................................... 52 2. GAPS & BARRIERS – proposed processing routes ................................................................................. 54 3. ENVIRONMENTAL impact OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES and residue treatment .......................... 57 NATURAL GRAPHITE .......................................................................................................................................... 59 1. THE PRIMARY RESOURCES .................................................................................................................... 59 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730227 SCRREEN D6.1|Technological gaps and barriers on primary resources|Rev.0| 3 2. GAPS & BARRIERS – proposed processing routes ................................................................................. 60 3. ENVIRONMENTAL impact OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES