ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Right dislocation as a biclausal phenomenon Evidence from Romance languages Javier Fernández-Sánchez Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Departament de Filologia Espanyola Centre de Lingüística Teòrica PhD Thesis supervised by Prof. Dr. Maria Lluïsa Hernanz Carbó Javier Fernández-Sánchez M. Lluïsa Hernanz Carbó Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Cognitive Science and Language Bellaterra, May 2017 A mis padres, por vuestro constante apoyo y amor incondicional A la memoria de la yaya Aurora, por la devoción que nos teníamos. Acknowledgements There is something quite comforting in writing the acknowledgements of a dissertation: realizing this is the end. The end not only of a piece of research, but of a period of life too. As I write these lines I become aware that despite the hectic and turbulent last months of the writing process, my years as a PhD student have been an amazing experience. And of course, this is due to the fact that the sometimes turtuous road to the end is fortunately not a lonely ride. Maria Lluïsa Hernanz deserves to appear first in the acknowledgements without any sort of doubt. I want to thank her for constantly challenging me, for sharing with me her vast knowledge, for always reminding me of "the bigger picture", for her endless generosity and, above all, for supporting me and believing in me. If I could travel back in time I would choose the Centre de Lingüística Teòrica again for my PhD. It is an honour for me to have been part of this intellectually stimulating and very friendly environment. I want to thank all its members, in particular Gemma Rigau, Carme Picallo, Anna Bartra, Jaume Mateu, Cristina Real, Eulàlia Bonet, M. Teresa Espinal, Anna Gavarró, Joan Mascaró, Ángel Gallego, Josep M. Brucart and Xavier Villalba. I thank Anna Gavarró, Montse Capdevila, Carme Picallo, Mireia Llinàs and Anna Bartra for having instilled in me their passion for linguistics and syntax as an undergraduate student and Josep Maria Brucart and Xavier Vil- lalba for keeping an eye on my progress as a PhD student and having guided me, supported me and contributed to make this thesis way better. Finally, Ángel Gallego deserves special thanks among the CLT people. He is an end- less source of knowledge, and I feel deeply honoured by all the support, trust, i ii help and generosity he has granted me throughout these years. I found true friendship among my fellow students at the CLT. For many years of laughs, tears, drinks, trips, love, weddings and children, I thank Yurena Gutiérrez, Elías Gallardo, Isabel Castro (¡alter higo!), Carlos Rubio, Adriana Fasanella, Ekaterina Chernova, Eduard Artés, Lucía Medea, Teresa Blasco and Marina Roman. Further, I would like to thank the younger gen- erations of PhD students at the CLT for creating such a great and fun atmo- sphere: Pablo Rico, Alba Cerrudo, Ares Llop, Anna Paradís, Isabel Crespí, M. Pilar Colomina, Qiuyue Zhong, Eloi Puig, Sílvia Serret, Marta Khouja. Mireia Llinàs deserves special thanks. She was the person who intro- duced me into linguistics back when I was in highschool and for that I will eternally be grateful to her. She has been caring, supportive and helpful since the very first day we met. Along the years in the academia I have met (many) people who have made me a better linguist, some who have helped me be- come a better person and some other who have contributed to both. Mireia clearly belongs in the latter group. My master year at University College London had an undenying im- pact on me. I was very fortunate to have thought-provoking and inspir- ing professors and lecturers there, especially Ad Neeleman, Klaus Abels and Matthew Reeve. UCL is a thrilling place to do linguistics, and I am happy to have shared my master experience with Zoë Belk, Garret Giffin, Georg Höhn, Kristina Starikova and Ezekiel Panitz. Special thanks from my experience at UCL are of course due to Vieri Samek-Lodovici for having accepted to supervise my MRes thesis, and for having generously shared all his immense knowledge about syntax, infor- mation structure and right dislocations with me. Every single correction and comment he made me in my master thesis drafts helped me become a better linguist. I would like to thank Mark de Vries, for having accepted me as a visiting student at the University of Groningen and for always being available to meet and discuss parts of this dissertation. The Department of Linguistics there is such a cool place, and I am happy to have discussed about linguistics, as well as shared laughs and drinks, with Jan-Wouter Zwart, Craig Sailor, Marlies Kluck, Pavel Rudnev, Charlotte Lindenbergh, Bernat Bardagil, and iii especially James Griffiths and Güliz Güneş. I am thankful to Ángel Gallego, Dennis Ott, Aritz Irurtzun, Josep M. Brucart and Francesc Roca for having accepted to be part of the defense committee. I am highly indebted in particular to Dennis for commenting parts of this dissertation with me. This thesis is undoubtedly better because of his advice, wisdom and criticism. I am happy to have met great people at conferences and courses around the globe: Antonio Fábregas, Ángel Jiménez-Fernández, Julio Villa-García, Ivan Ortega-Santos, Roberta d’Alessandro, Vidal Valmala, Jordi Fortuny, Is- abel Oltra, Alfredo García-Pardo, Andy Murphy, Aaron Doliana, Patrick El- liot, David Erschler, Tanya Philippova, Alejo Alcaraz, Juan Romeu, Melania Masià, Irene Tirado, Jenny Tan, Jan Casalicchio, Hana Gruet-Skrabalova and many more. My friends outside the academic world also deserve some words. I want to thank Mónica for all our years of deep and honest friendship and un- derstanding. And for the red velvets, of course. Thank you to my becudos friends, especially Sara, Rocío and Duna. Even though the distance and my dissertation have kept as somewhat apart, I swear to you I bear all the cro- quetas moments we have shared deep in my heart. Thanks, and ¡un saludo! to my favourite roadtrip friends: Andrea, Aida, Raúl, Nuria and Guillem. Finally, I thank my family, and especially my father, my mother, my sis- ter and la tata, for all the love and support they have given me. My mother is the most generous person I know in this planet and I would need another life to thank her for all she has done (and continues to do) for me. I also thank Basti, my favourite photographer, the best teacher of Polish I could ever imagine (and the most patient one, especially for every time I came say- ing mam małe pytanie), and the person who I decided to share my life with. Bellaterra, May 2017 Javier Fernández-Sánchez iv The completion of this thesis has been economically supported by the fol- lowing projects: • FFI2011-29440-C03 "Rasgos y periferias: variación en la arquitectura de las categorías funcionales". PI: Dr. Maria Lluïsa Hernanz. • FFI2014-56968-C4-2-P "La variación en la interfaz sintaxis-discurso". PI: Dr. Ángel J. Gallego, Dr. Maria Lluïsa Hernanz. • 2014SGR 1013 "Lingüística Teòrica". PI: Dr. Gemma Rigau. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Word order and Information-Structure . 1 1.2 Outlineofthedissertation . 8 2 Monoclausal analyses 15 2.1 Introduction.......................... 15 2.1.1 The loci of analytical disagreement . 15 2.1.2 Organization of this chapter . 18 2.2 RD in situ:Kayne’sLCA.................... 19 2.2.1 Right dislocation as LF movement . 20 2.2.2 Problems ....................... 22 2.3 Peripheralapproaches. 27 2.3.1 Two analyses . 27 2.3.2 Problems for base-generation approaches . 32 2.3.3 Problems for movement approaches . 35 2.3.3.1 The right roof constraint (RRC) . 36 2.3.3.2 Remnant movement . 38 2.3.4 Summary ....................... 41 2.4 Middlefieldapproaches. 42 2.4.1 The low periphery of the clause . 42 2.4.1.1 Asymmetry 1: Extraction . 44 2.4.1.2 Asymmetry 2: ECP effects in French . 46 2.4.1.3 Asymmetry 3: Aux-to-Comp in Italian . 48 2.4.1.4 Asymmetry 4: Obviation effects . 50 v vi Contents 2.4.1.5 Asymmetry 5: Reconstruction and Prin- cipleC................... 54 2.4.1.6 Asymmetry 6: variable binding . 58 2.4.1.7 Asymmetry 7: NPI licensing . 60 2.4.2 Problems for clause-internal approaches . 62 2.4.2.1 All-focus contexts . 62 2.4.2.2 The (lack of) Right Roof Constraint . 63 2.4.3 Summary ....................... 64 2.5 RDoutsidetheclause . .. 65 2.5.1 Marginalization vs Right dislocation . 65 2.5.2 A problem: C-command relations . 67 2.5.3 My proposal . 69 3 A tale of two clauses 71 3.1 Introduction.......................... 71 3.2 A type of clausal ellipsis . 73 3.2.1 δ asafragment .................... 73 3.2.2 Specifying coordination . 79 3.3 Deriving the properties . 81 3.3.1 Clause internal properties . 81 3.3.2 Clause external properties . 85 3.4 Against derivational theories to the κ-δ link . 86 3.4.1 RD as a doubling phenomenon . 87 3.4.2 Right dislocation isn’t agreement .