The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Maine History Documents Special Collections 1902 Pioneers of France in the New World Francis Parkman Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mainehistory Part of the History Commons Repository Citation Parkman, Francis, "Pioneers of France in the New World" (1902). Maine History Documents. 30. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mainehistory/30 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Maine History Documents by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. tfrancia $arinnan'a Morfca. NEW LIBRARY EDITION. VOL. I. FRANCIS PARKMAN'S WORKS. Nero Einrarg lEJition. Pioneers of France in the Hew World. I vol. The Jesuits In north America . I vol. La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West I vol. The Old Regime in Canada I vol. Count Frontenac and Mew France under Louis XTV. I vol. A Half Century of Conflict 2 vols. Montcalm and Wolfe 2 vols. The Conspiracy of Fontlac and the Indian War after the Conquest of Canada 2 vols. The Oregon Trail . 1 vol. Off U# hi & L Opt/riala l$yj by ltttU-3roivn.& C° PIONEERS OF FRANCE IN THE NEW WORLD. FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN NORTH AMERICA. PAKT FIRST. BY FRANCIS PARKMAN. BOSTON: LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY. 1902. Copyright, 1865, 1885, BY FRANCIS PARKMAN. Copyright, 1897, BY LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY. Kmtoersitg $rcss: JOHN WILSON AND SON, CAMBRIDGE, U. S. A. TO THE MEMORY OF THEODORE PARKMAN, ROBERT GOULD SHAW, AND HENRY WARE HALL, SLAIN IN BATTLE, THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED BY THEIR KINSMAN, THE AUTHOR. PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. SINCE this book first appeared some new docu­ mentary evidence touching it has been brought to light, and, during a recent visit to Florida, I have acquired a more exact knowledge of the localities connected with the French occupation of that region. This added information is in­ corporated in the present edition, which has also received some literary revision. BOSTON, September 16,1885. CONTENTS. PAGE INTRODUCTION xix HUGUENOTS IN FLORIDA. PREFATORY NOTE 3 CHAPTER I. 1512-1561. EARLY" SPANISH ADVENTURE. Spanish Voyagers. — Komance and Avarice. — Ponce de Leon. — The Fountain of Youth and the River Jordan. — Dis­ covery of Florida. — Garay. — Ayllon. — Pamphilo de Nar- vaez.— Hia Fate.— Hernando de Soto. — His Enterprise. — His Adventures. — His Death. — Succeeding Voyagers. — Spanish Claim to Florida. — English and French Claim. — Spanish Jealousy of France 9 CHAPTER II 1550-1558. VILLEGAGNON. Spain in the Sixteenth Century. — France.—The Huguenots. — The Court. — Gaspar de Coligny. — Priests and Monks. — Nicolas Dnrand de Villegagnon. — His Exploits. — His Character. — His Scheme of a Protestant Colony. — X CONTENTS. PAGE Huguenots at Rio Janeiro. —Despotism of Villegagnon. — Villegagnon and the Ministers. — Polemics. — The Min­ isters expelled. — Their Sufferings. — Ruin of the Colony 20 CHAPTER HI. 1562, 1563. JEAN RIBAUT. A Second Huguenot Colony. — Coligny, his Position. — The Huguenot Party, its motley Character. — The Puritans of Massachusetts. — Ribaut sails for Florida. — The River of May. — Hopes. — Illusions.—The Sea Islands. — Port Royal. — Charlesfort. — Albert and his Colony. — Frolic.— Adven­ ture. — Improvidence. — Famine. — Mutiny. — Barre takes Command. — A Brigantine built. — Florida abandoned.— Tempest. — Desperation. — Cannibalism 33 CHAPTER TV. 1564. LAUDONNIERE. The New Colony. — Rene de Laudonniere. — The Peace of Am- boise. — Satouriona. — The Promised Land. — Miraculous Longevity. — Fort Caroline. — Native Tribes. — Ottigny ex­ plores the St. John's. — River Scenery. — The Thimagoas.— Conflicting Alliances. — Indian War. — Diplomacy of Lau­ donniere. — Vasseur's Expedition. — Battle and Victory 48 CHAPTER V. 1564, 1565. CONSPIRACY. Discontent. — Plot of La Roquette. — Piratical Excursion. — Sedition. — Illness of Laudonniere. — The Commandant put in Irons.— Plan of the Mutineers.— Buccaneering.— Disaster and Repentance.— The Ringleaders hanged. — Order restored 68 CONTENTS. xi CHAPTER VI. 1564, 1565. FAMINE. —WAR. — SUCCOR. PAGE La Eoche Ferriere. — Pierre Gambie. — The King of Calos. — Romantic Tales. — Ottigny's Expedition. —Starvation. — Efforts to escape from Florida. — Indians unfriendly. — Seiz­ ure of Outina. — Attempts to extort Ransom. — Ambuscade, —Battle. — Desperation of the French. — Sir John Hawkins relieves them. — Ribaut brings Reinforcements. — Arrival of the Spaniards 78 CHAPTER VH. 1565. MENENDEZ. Spain. — Pedro Menendez de Aviles. — His Boyhood. — His Early Career. — His Petition to the King. — Commissioned to conquer Florida. — His Powers. — His Designs. — A New Crusade. — Sailing of the Spanish Fleet. — A Storm. — Porto Rico. — Energy of Menendez. — He reaches Florida. — At­ tacks Ribant's Ships.— Founds St. Augustine. — Alarm of the French. — Bold Decision of Ribaut. — Defenceless Con­ dition of Fort Caroline. — Ribaut thwarted. — Tempest. — Menendez marches on the French Fort. — His Desperate Res­ olution. — The Fort taken. — The Massacre. — The Fugitives 96 CHAPTER VIII. 1565. MASSACRE OF THE HERETICS. Menendez returns to St. Augustine. — Tidings of the French. —Ribaut shipwrecked. — The March of Menendez. — He dis­ covers the French. — Interviews. — Hopes of Mercy. — Sur­ render of the French. — Massacre. — Return to St. Augus­ tine. — Tidings of Ribaut's Party. — His Interview with Menendez. — Deceived and betrayed. — Murdered. — Another Massacre. — French Accounts. — Schemes of the Spaniards. — Survivors of the Carnage 131 xn CONTENTS. CHAPTER IX 1565-1567. CHABLES IX. AND PHILIP II. PAGE State of International Relations. — Complaints of Philip the Second. — Reply of Charles the Ninth. — News of the Mas­ sacre. — The French Court demands Redress. — The Spanish Court refuses it 152 CHAPTER X. 1567-1583. DOMINIQUE DE GOURGUES. His Past Life. — His Hatred of Spaniards. — Resolves on Ven­ geance. — His Band of Adventurers. — His Plan divulged. — His Speech. — Enthusiasm of his Followers. — Condition of the Spaniards. — Arrival of Gourgues. — Interviews with Indians. — The Spaniards attacked. — The First Fort carried. —Another Victory. — The Final Triumph. — The Prisoners hanged. — The Forts destroyed. — Sequel of Gourgues's Career. — Menendez. — His Death . 158 CONTENTS. XIII CHAMPLAIN AND HIS ASSOCIATES. PAGE PREFATORY NOTE 185 CHAPTER L 1488-1543. EARLY FRENCH ADVENTURE IN NORTH AMERICA. Traditions of French Discovery. — Consin. — Normans, Bretons, Basques. — Legends and Superstitions. — Francis the First. — Verrazzano. — His Voyage to North America. — Jacques Cartier.—Hi« First Voyage.— His Second Voyage.—An­ chors at Quebec — Indian Masquerade. — Visits Hochelaga. — His Reception. — Mont Royal. — Winter at Quebec. — Scurvy. — Wonderful Cures. — Kidnapping. — Return to France. — Roberval. — Spanish Jealousy. — Cartier's Third Voyage. — Cap Rouge. — Roberval sails for New France. — His Meeting with Cartier. — Marguerite and the Isles of Demons. — Roberval at Cap Rouge. — His Severity. — Ruin of the Colony. — His Death 189 CHAPTER H. 1542-1604. LA HOCHE. — CHAMPLAIN. — DE MONTS. French Fishermen and Fur-Traders. — La Roche. — His Voyage. — The Convicts of Sable Island. — Pontgrave" and Chauvin. —Tadoussac. — Henry the Fourth. — Tranquillity restored in France. — Samuel de Champlain. — He visits the West Indies and Mexico. — His Character. — De Chastes and Champlain. — Champlain and Pontgrave" explore the St. Lawrence. — Death of De Chastes. — De Monts. — His Acadian Schemes. — His Patent 233 XIV CONTENTS. CHAPTER in. 1604, 1605. ACADIA OCCUPIED. PAGE Catholic and Calvinist. — The Lost Priest. — Port Royal. — The Colony of St. Croix. — Winter Miseries. — Explorations of Champlain. — He visits the Coast of Massachusetts. — De Monts at Port Royal . 250 CHAPTER IV. 1605-1607. LESCARBOT AND CHAMPLAIN. De Monts at Paris. — Marc Lescarbot. — Rochelle. — A New Embarkation. — The Ship aground. — The Outward Voyage. — Arrival at Port Royal. — Disappointment. — Voyage of Champlain. — Skirmish with Indians. — Masquerade of Les­ carbot. — Winter Life at Port Royal. —L'Ordre de Bon-Temps. — Excursions. — Spring Employments. — Hopes blighted. — Port Royal abandoned. — Membertou. — Return to France 263 CHAPTER V. 1610, 1611. THE JE8UITB AND THEIR PATRONESS. Schemes of Poutrincourt. — The Jesuits and the King. — The Jesuits disappointed. — Sudden Conversions. — Indian Prose­ lytes.—Assassination of the King. — Biencourt at Court.— Madame de Guercherille. — She resists the King's Suit. — Becomes a Devotee. — Her Associates at Court. — She aids the Jesuits. — Biard and Masse. — They sail for America 281 CHAPTER VI. 1611, 1612. JESUITS IN ACADIA. The Jesuits arrive. — Collision of Powers Temporal and Spirit­ ual. — Excursion of Biencourt. — Father Masse. — His Ex­ perience as a Missionary. — Death of Membertou. — Father CONTENTS. xv PAGE Biard's Indian Studies. — Dissension. — Misery at Port Royal. — Grant to Madame de Guercheville. — Gilbert du Thet. — Quarrels. — Anathemas. — Truce 295 CHAPTER VII. 1613. LA SAUSSATE. — ARGALL. Forlorn Condition of Poutrincourt. — Voyage of La Saussaye. — Mount Desert. — St. Sauveur. — The Jesuit Colony. — Cap­ tain Samuel Argall. — He attacks the French. — Death of Du Thet. — Knavery of Argall. — St. Sauveur destroyed. — The Prisoners . 306 CHAPTER VIE 1613-1615. RCIN OF FRENCH ACADIA. The Jesuits at Jamestown. — Wrath of Sir Thomas Dale. — Sec­ ond