Consonant and vowel gradation in the Proto-Germanic n-stems Guus, Kroonen Citation Guus, K. (2009, April 7). Consonant and vowel gradation in the Proto-Germanic n-stems. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14513 Version: Corrected Publisher’s Version Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14513 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Consonant and vowel gradation in the Proto-Germanic n-stems PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. P.F. van der Heijden, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op dinsdag 7 april 2009 klokke 16:15 uur door GUUS JAN KROONEN geboren te Alkmaar in 1979 Promotor: Prof. dr. A.M Lubotsky Commissie: Prof. dr. F.H.H. Kortlandt Prof. dr. R. Lühr (Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena) Dr. H. Perridon (Universiteit van Amsterdam) Prof. dr. A. Quak Þá er þeir Borssynir gengu með sævar strǫndu, fundu þeir tré tvau ok tóku upp tréin ok skǫpuðu af menn: gaf hinn fyrsti ǫnd ok líf, annarr vit ok hræring, þriði ásjónu ok málit ok heyrn ok sjón. Hár, Gylfaginning The Leiden theory explains religion as a disease of language and predicts the existence of God and other such parasitic mental constructs as artefacts of language. George van Driem, 2003 Table of contents Preface................................................................................................................................. ix List of abbreviations........................................................................................................... xi Language abbreviations .................................................................................................... xi Bibliographic abbreviations ............................................................................................. xii Linguistic abbreviations.................................................................................................. xiii Logical symbols ............................................................................................................. xiii 0. Preliminary Remarks .......................................................................................................1 0.1 Germanic linguistic sources ..........................................................................................1 0.2 Normalization and orthography.....................................................................................3 0.3 Presentation of the evidence..........................................................................................4 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................5 2 The declension of the n-stems............................................................................................7 2.1 The Indo-European n-stems ..........................................................................................7 2.1.1 The hysterodynamic type .......................................................................................7 2.1.2 The proterodynamic type........................................................................................9 2.2 The Proto-Germanic n-stems.......................................................................................10 2.2.1 The masculine n-stems .........................................................................................10 2.2.2 The feminine n-stems...........................................................................................11 2.2.3 The neuter n-stems...............................................................................................11 2.3 The origins of the inflectional types ............................................................................12 3 The Proto-Germanic geminates ......................................................................................15 3.1 Kluge’s law.................................................................................................................15 3.2 Shortening in over-long syllables ................................................................................17 3.3 Exceptions to Kluge’s law...........................................................................................18 3.4 Different configurations of Kluge’s law ......................................................................19 3.4.1 F. Kluge...............................................................................................................20 3.4.2 R. Lühr: assimilation or lengthening?...................................................................20 3.4.3 F. Kortlandt..........................................................................................................21 4 Kluge’s law and the n-stems............................................................................................23 4.1 Gemination in the paradigm........................................................................................24 4.1.1 Paradigmatic split-offs .........................................................................................24 4.1.2 Special cases........................................................................................................27 4.1.3 Summary..............................................................................................................32 4.2 Paradigmatic analogy..................................................................................................33 4.2.1 Kluge’s “associationen” .......................................................................................34 4.2.2 From allomorphy to consonant gradation .............................................................35 4.2.3 Dating of consonant gradation..............................................................................35 4.2.4 Reception of Kluge’s “associationen”...................................................................36 4.2.5 Morphological gemination of * n ..........................................................................40 4.3 Hypocorisms and geminates........................................................................................41 5 Verbal consonant gradation ............................................................................................43 5.1 A hypothesis by Osthoff..............................................................................................43 5.1.1 Direct correspondences ........................................................................................43 5.1.2 The origin of the zero-grade .................................................................................44 5.1.3 Internal reconstruction..........................................................................................44 v 5.1.4 The iterative aspect ..............................................................................................46 5.1.5 An alternative hypothesis by Lühr ........................................................................47 5.2 The iterative system....................................................................................................48 5.3 Evidence for de-iterativation.......................................................................................50 6 The Expressivity Theory..................................................................................................53 6.1 Rise and reception of “expressivity” ...........................................................................53 6.2 No evidence for Kluge’s law? .....................................................................................54 6.3 Expressive gemination vs. analogical degemination....................................................56 6.4 The origin of the inchoative verbs ...............................................................................57 6.5 No geminates in Gothic?.............................................................................................58 6.6 Evaluation...................................................................................................................59 6.7 The Leiden substrate theory ........................................................................................60 7 Vowel gradation ...............................................................................................................63 7.1 Kauffmann and nominal ablaut ...................................................................................63 7.2 Consonant gradation betrays vowel gradation .............................................................64 7.3 Resolution of schwebeablaut.......................................................................................65 7.4 The different ablaut classes .........................................................................................66 7.5 O-grade thematizations ...............................................................................................67 7.6 Overlong syllables in Upper German ..........................................................................69 8 The evidence.....................................................................................................................71 8.1 * ī ~ * i alternations ......................................................................................................71 *bīō ,